Abstract
A ciprofloxacin-loaded water-in-oil nanoemulsion (CPX-NE) was prepared and evaluated for the antimicrobial effect against oral biofilms produced by Enterococcus faecalis. CPX-NE was prepared by ultrasonication using functional excipients oleic acid (oil phase), Span 80 (surfactant), and Transcutol P (cosurfactant). Rheological parameters (viscosity = 20 +/- 1.24 cp) confirmed optimum values for CPX-NE, a pH of 6.5 +/- 0.23 suggested the simulation of CPX-NE with the pH of the mouth cavity, refractive index (1.46 +/- 0.22), and % transmittance (92.34 +/- 0.02) indicated the isotropic nature of the NE. The droplet size (72.19 +/- 1.68 nm), polydispersity index (0.142 +/- 0.02), and zeta potential (-28 mV) demonstrated a narrow size distribution and electrostatically stabilized NE. The morphology of the optimized formulation showed uniform spherical nanodroplets, as seen in fluorescence microscopy. In vitro drug release showed an initial burst effect followed by sustained release for 48 h, following Fick's diffusion. The minimum biofilm inhibitory and eradication concentration (MBIC/MBEC) was determined to compare CPX-NE with ciprofloxacin plain drug solution (CPX-PS) for their efficacy. CPX-NE demonstrated a significant inhibitory and eradication effect compared to CPX-PS. It was concluded that the developed CPX-NE has effective antibiofilm activity against E. faecalis and may be useful in the prevention and treatment of dental caries.