Abstract
Vitamin A (retinol) and various natural retinoids are essential for life. Under oxidative conditions, vitamin A radical cation (RET
) can be formed. Many deleterious effects were reported about the formation of carotenoid radical cations in biological environments, on the other hand, little is known about the consequences of the RET
formation in these environments. Therefore, it is important to explore the reactivity of RET
toward various biological substrates. Here, we employed nanosecond laser flash photolysis (LFP) to generate RET
(λ
=580nm in methanol) and examine its reactivity toward a wide range of biological molecules including amino acids, vitamins, carotenoids, naturally-occurring phenols, neurotransmitters such as catecholamines, wide range of phenol derivatives and some selected electron-donors. The results show that the reactivity of RET
toward various substrates is strongly dependent on the polarity of solvent. In addition, RET
is able to oxidize amino acids, which subsequently can lead to protein damage. However, the presence of vitamins (vitamins E and C), carotenoids and naturally-occurring phenols (e.g. resveratrol, vanillin, dopamine hydrochloride and l-Dopa) can inhibit the damaging effect of retinol
by reducing it back to retinol. Vitamin E and carotenoids are the most efficient quenchers for the RET
(diffusion-controlled reactions). Importantly, our results clearly indicate that the reactivity of RET
is as strong as that of the powerful trichloromethylperoxyl radical (CCl
O
). Thereby, formation of RET
in biological media is expected to induce bio-damage.