Abstract
In this review we will discuss epidemiology, pathophysiology and highlight diagnosis methods. We overview non-surgical in early stages and surgical treatment methods. Detailed search was conducted throughout the electronic databases; PubMed, and Embase, for relevant studies discussing Femoral head osteonecrosis. Studies which are published up to the end of 2018 with English language and human subjects were included. Osteonecrosis is a pathology generally seen in younger adults, where collapse of the femoral head and early start of osteoarthritis could eventually necessitate hip arthroplasty when non-operative procedures and joint-sparing treatments fail. Fundamental science study to understand the pathophysiology and to establish treatments that can be translated to clinical application has progressed rapidly, and these developments offer great guarantee for the future therapy of osteonecrosis. Similarly, technological improvements in surgical treatment methods have likewise improved outcomes over the past two decades and will continue to help patients recover from this functionally debilitating joint disease.