Abstract
Genomewide linkage studies of type 1 diabetes (or insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus [IDDM]) indicate that several unlinked susceptibility loci can explain the clustering of the disease in families. One such locus has been mapped to chromosome 11q13 (
IDDM4). In the present report we have analyzed 707 affected sib pairs, obtaining a peak multipoint maximum LOD score (MLS) of 2.7 (λ
s=1.09) with linkage (!
MLS⩾0.7) extending over a 15-cM region. The problem is, therefore, to fine map the locus to permit structural analysis of positional candidate genes. In a two-stage approach, we first scanned the 15-cM linked region for increased or decreased transmission, from heterozygous parents to affected siblings in 340 families, of the three most common alleles of each of 12 microsatellite loci. One of the 36 alleles showed decreased transmission (50% expected, 45.1% observed [
P=.02, corrected
P=.72]) at marker
D11S1917. Analysis of an additional 1,702 families provided further support for negative transmission (48%) of
D11S1917 allele 3 to affected offspring and positive transmission (55%) to unaffected siblings (test of heterogeneity
P=3×10
−4, corrected
P=.01]). A second polymorphic marker, H0570polyA, was isolated from a cosmid clone containing
D11S1917, and genotyping of 2,042 families revealed strong linkage disequilibrium between the two markers (15 kb apart), with a specific haplotype, D11S1917*03-H0570polyA*02, showing decreased transmission (46.4%) to affected offspring and increased transmission (56.6%) to unaffected siblings (test of heterogeneity
P=1.5×10
−6, corrected
P=4.3×10
−4). These results not only provide sufficient justification for analysis of the gene content of the
D11S1917 region for positional candidates but also show that, in the mapping of genes for common multifactorial diseases, analysis of both affected and unaffected siblings is of value and that both predisposing and nonpredisposing alleles should be anticipated.