Abstract
It has long been known that residual stresses can profoundly affect the integrity of engineering components. Evidence has recently emerged to confirm that solid-state phase transformations in steels can significantly influence the as-welded residual stresses. A two-dimensional thermo-mechanical, generalized plane strain finite element model was created to simulate the effect of phase transformation on residual stress during the multi-pass weld process in a thick section T-joint. The effect of phase transformation and martensite start temperatures was investigated. The results showed that phase transformation generated compressive residual stress underneath the last bead to be deposited for this multi-pass weld model. However, some constraints around the bead were essential to provide that stress. Tensile residual stress was generated in the bulk of the weld area when phase transformation was considered. Therefore, phase transformation may be helpful for single pass and other groove welds but may be unhelpful in the case of the T-joint examined here. The effect of the martensite start temperature is small compared with the main difference between having a phase transformation and not having one.