Abstract
Accurate prediction of domestic waste generation is a challenging task for municipalities to implement sustainable waste management strategies. In the present study, domestic waste generation in the Kingdom of Bahrain, representing a Small Island Developing State (SIDS) case study, has been investigated during successive COVID-19 lockdowns due to the pandemic in 2020. Temporal trends of daily domestic waste generation between 2019 and 2020 and their statistical analyses exhibited remarkable variations highlighting the impact of consecutive COVID-19 lockdowns on domestic waste generation. Machine learning has great potential for predicting solid waste generation rates, but only a few studies utilized deep learning approaches. The state-of-the-art Bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory (BiLSTM) network model as a deep learning method is applied to forecast daily domestic waste data in 2020. Bayesian optimization algorithm (BOA) was hybridized with BiLSTM to generate a super learner approach. The performance of the BOA-BiLSTM super learner model was further compared with the statistical ARIMA model. Performance indicators of the developed models using ARIMA and BiLSTM showed that the latter yielded superior performance for short-term forecasts of domestic waste generation. The MAE, RMSE, MAPE, and R2 were 47.38, 60.73, 256.43, and 0.46, respectively, for the ARIMA model, compared to 3.67, 12.57, 0.24, and 0.96, respectively, for the BiLSTM model. Additionally, the relative errors for the BiLSTM model were lower than those of the ARIMA model. This study highlights that the BiLSTM can be a reliable forecasting tool for solid waste management policymakers during public health emergencies. (c) 2022 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.