Abstract
This paper identifies forensically important artifacts of B-tree file system (Btrfs), analyses changes that they incur due to node-balancing during file and directory operations, and based on the observed file system state-change proposes an evidence-extraction procedure. The findings suggested that retrieving forensic evidence in a fresh B-tree file system is difficult, the probability of evidence-extraction increases as the file system ages, internal nodes are the richest sources of forensic data, degree of evidence-extraction depends upon whether nodes are merged or redistributed, files with size less than 1 KB and greater than 4 KB have highest chances of recovery, and files with size 3-4 KB have least chances of recovery. (C) 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.