Abstract
Objectives A chylomicron-mimicking lipid emulsion was prepared and loaded with paclitaxel (paclitaxel-CM) and was further grafted with galactose (paclitaxel-GCM) using palmitoyl-galactosamine, which was synthesized by reacting galactosamine hydrochloride with N-hydroxy succinimide ester of palmitic acid. Palmitoyl-galactosamine was used as a ligand for asialoglycoprotein receptors.
Methods The uptake characteristics of the emulsions were evaluated in HepG-2 cells (human hepatocarcinaoma), which express asialoglycoprotein receptors, and MCF-7 (breast cancer) cells, which are devoid of these receptors.
Key findings The incorporation efficiency of paclitaxel-CM was 68.05 +/- 4.80% and that of paclitaxel-GCM was 72.10 +/- 3.93% when the emulsion was prepared with 7.5% (w/w) paclitaxel/lipid phase. The globule size of paclitaxel-GCM and paclitaxel-CM was 124 +/- 8.67 and 96.45 +/- 5.79 rim, respectively. The release of paclitaxel from both of the formulations was fairly Sustained: 50 +/- 3.2% of paclitaxel in 24 It. The cytotoxicity and uptake of paclitaxel-GCM were significantly higher (P < 0.05) in HepG-2 cells than MCF-7 cells, while for paclitaxel-CM cytotoxicity and uptake were similar in the two cell lines. This study clearly demonstrates that upon surface modification palmitoyl-galactosamine remains an integral part of the formulation. Paclitaxel solubility can be improved using optimum paclitaxel/lipid phase ratios. The paclitaxel-GCM formulation recognizes asialoglycoprotein receptors over-expressed on HepG-2 cells.
Conclusions Under our experimental conditions, the proposed paclitaxel-GCM formulation is an ideal delivery vehicle for specific targeting to liver cancer cells, which is anticipated to result in improved efficacy and reduced toxicity to normal cells.