Global Retinoblastoma Presentation and Analysis by National Income Level

Ido Didi Fabian; Elhassan Abdallah; Shehu U Abdullahi; Rula A Abdulqader; Sahadatou Adamou Boubacar; Dupe S Ademola-Popoola; Adedayo Adio; Armin R Afshar; Priyanka Aggarwal; Ada E Aghaji; Alia Ahmad; Marliyanti N R Akib; Lamis Al Harby; Mouroge H Al Ani; Aygun Alakbarova; Silvia Alarcón Portabella; Safaa A F Al-Badri; Ana Patricia A Alcasabas; Saad A Al-Dahmash; Amanda Alejos; Ernesto Alemany-Rubio; Amadou I Alfa Bio; Yvania Alfonso Carreras; Christiane Al-Haddad; Hamoud H Y Al-Hussaini; Amany M Ali; Donjeta B Alia; Mazin F Al-Jadiry; Usama Al-Jumaily; Hind M Alkatan; Charlotta All-Eriksson; Ali A R M Al-Mafrachi; Argentino A Almeida; Khalifa M Alsawidi; Athar A S M Al-Shaheen; Entissar H Al-Shammary; Primawita O Amiruddin; Romanzo Antonino; Nicholas J Astbury; Hatice T Atalay; La-Ongsri Atchaneeyasakul; Rose Atsiaya; Taweevat Attaseth; Than H Aung; Silvia Ayala; Baglan Baizakova; Julia Balaguer; Ruhengiz Balayeva; Walentyna Balwierz; Honorio Barranco; Covadonga Bascaran; Maja Beck Popovic; Raquel Benavides; Sarra Benmiloud; Nissrine Bennani Guebessi; Rokia C Berete; Jesse L Berry; Anirban Bhaduri; Sunil Bhat; Shelley J Biddulph; Eva M Biewald; Nadia Bobrova; Marianna Boehme; H C Boldt; Maria Teresa B C Bonanomi; Norbert Bornfeld; Gabrielle C Bouda; Hédi Bouguila; Amaria Boumedane; Rachel C Brennan; Bénédicte G Brichard; Jassada Buaboonnam; Patricia Calderón-Sotelo; Doris A Calle Jara; Jayne E Camuglia; Miriam R Cano; Michael Capra; Nathalie Cassoux; Guilherme Castela; Luis Castillo; Jaume Català-Mora; Guillermo L Chantada; Shabana Chaudhry; Sonal S Chaugule; Argudit Chauhan; Bhavna Chawla; Violeta S Chernodrinska; Faraja S Chiwanga; Tsengelmaa Chuluunbat; Krzysztof Cieslik; Ruellyn L Cockcroft; Codruta Comsa; Zelia M Correa; Maria G Correa Llano; Timothy W Corson; Kristin E Cowan-Lyn; Monika Csóka; Xuehao Cui; Isac V Da Gama; Wantanee Dangboon; Anirban Das; Sima Das; Jacquelyn M Davanzo; Alan Davidson; Patrick De Potter; Karina Q Delgado; Hakan Demirci; Laurence Desjardins; Rosdali Y Diaz Coronado; Helen Dimaras; Andrew J Dodgshun; Craig Donaldson; Carla R Donato Macedo; Monica D Dragomir; Yi Du; Magritha Du Bruyn; Kemala S Edison; I Wayan Eka Sutyawan; Asmaa El Kettani; Amal M Elbahi; James E Elder; Dina Elgalaly; Alaa M Elhaddad; Moawia M Ali Elhassan; Mahmoud M Elzembely; Vera A Essuman; Ted Grimbert A Evina; Zehra Fadoo; Adriana C Fandiño; Mohammad Faranoush; Oluyemi Fasina; Delia D P G Fernández; Ana Fernández-Teijeiro; Allen Foster; Shahar Frenkel; Ligia D Fu; Soad L Fuentes-Alabi; Brenda L Gallie; Moira Gandiwa; Juan L Garcia; David García Aldana; Pascale Y Gassant; Jennifer A Geel; Fariba Ghassemi; Ana V Girón; Zelalem Gizachew; Marco A Goenz; Aaron S Gold; Maya Goldberg-Lavid; Glen A Gole; Nir Gomel; Efren Gonzalez; Graciela Gonzalez Perez; Liudmira González-Rodríguez; Henry N Garcia Pacheco; Jaime Graells; Liz Green; Pernille A Gregersen; Nathalia D A K Grigorovski; Koffi M Guedenon; D Sanjeeva Gunasekera; Ahmet K Gündüz; Himika Gupta; Sanjiv Gupta; Theodora Hadjistilianou; Patrick Hamel; Syed A Hamid; Norhafizah Hamzah; Eric D Hansen; J William Harbour; M Elizabeth Hartnett; Murat Hasanreisoglu; Sadiq Hassan; Shadab Hassan; Stanislava Hederova; Jose Hernandez; Lorelay Marie Carcamo Hernandez; Laila Hessissen; Diriba F Hordofa; Laura C Huang; G B Hubbard; Marlies Hummlen; Kristina Husakova; Allawi N Hussein Al-Janabi; Russo Ida; Vesna R Ilic; Vivekaraj Jairaj; Irfan Jeeva; Helen Jenkinson; Xunda Ji; Dong Hyun Jo; Kenneth P Johnson; William J Johnson; Michael M Jones; Theophile B Amani Kabesha; Rolande L Kabore; Swathi Kaliki; Abubakar Kalinaki; Mehmet Kantar; Ling-Yuh Kao; Tamar Kardava; Rejin Kebudi; Tomas Kepak; Naama Keren-Froim; Zohora J Khan; Hussain A Khaqan; Phara Khauv; Wajiha J Kheir; Vikas Khetan; Alireza Khodabande; Zaza Khotenashvili; Jonathan W Kim; Jeong Hun Kim; Hayyam Kiratli; Tero T Kivelä; Artur Klett; Jess Elio Kosh Komba Palet; Dalia Krivaitiene; Mariana Kruger; Kittisak Kulvichit; Mayasari W Kuntorini; Alice Kyara; Eva S Lachmann; Carol P S Lam; Geoffrey C Lam; Scott A Larson; Slobodanka Latinovic; Kelly D Laurenti; Bao Han A Le; Karin Lecuona; Amy A Leverant; Cairui Li; Ben Limbu; Quah Boon Long; Juan P López; Robert M Lukamba; Livia Lumbroso; Sandra Luna-Fineman; Delfitri Lutfi; Lesia Lysytsia; George N Magrath; Amita Mahajan; Abdul Rahim Majeed; Erika Maka; Mayuri Makan; Emil K Makimbetov; Chatonda Manda; Nieves Martín Begue; Lauren Mason; John O Mason, 3rd; Ibrahim O Matende; Miguel Materin; Clarissa C D S Mattosinho; Marchelo Matua; Ismail Mayet; Freddy B Mbumba; John D McKenzie; Aurora Medina-Sanson; Azim Mehrvar; Aemero A Mengesha; Vikas Menon; Gary John V D Mercado; Marilyn B Mets; Edoardo Midena; Divyansh K C Mishra; Furahini G Mndeme; Ahmed A Mohamedani; Mona T Mohammad; Annette C Moll; Margarita M Montero; Rosa A Morales; Claude Moreira; Prithvi Mruthyunjaya; Mchikirwa S Msina; Gerald Msukwa; Sangeeta S Mudaliar; Kangwa I Muma; Francis L Munier; Gabriela Murgoi; Timothy G Murray; Kareem O Musa; Asma Mushtaq; Hamzah Mustak; Okwen M Muyen; Gita Naidu; Akshay Gopinathan Nair; Larisa Naumenko; Paule Aïda Ndoye Roth; Yetty M Nency; Vladimir Neroev; Hang Ngo; Rosa M Nieves; Marina Nikitovic; Elizabeth D Nkanga; Henry Nkumbe; Murtuza Nuruddin; Mutale Nyaywa; Ghislaine Obono-Obiang; Ngozi C Oguego; Andrzej Olechowski; Scott C N Oliver; Peter Osei-Bonsu; Diego Ossandon; Manuel A Paez-Escamilla; Halimah Pagarra; Sally L Painter; Vivian Paintsil; Luisa Paiva; Bikramjit P Pal; Mahesh Shanmugam Palanivelu; Ruzanna Papyan; Raffaele Parrozzani; Manoj Parulekar; Claudia R Pascual Morales; Katherine E Paton; Katarzyna Pawinska-Wasikowska; Jacob Pe'er; Armando Peña; Sanja Peric; Chau T M Pham; Remezo Philbert; David A Plager; Pavel Pochop; Rodrigo A Polania; Vladimir G Polyakov; Manca T Pompe; Jonathan J Pons; Daphna Prat; Vireak Prom; Ignatius Purwanto; Ali O Qadir; Seema Qayyum; Jiang Qian; Ardizal Rahman; Salman Rahman; Jamalia Rahmat; Purnima Rajkarnikar; Rajesh Ramanjulu; Aparna Ramasubramanian; Marco A Ramirez-Ortiz; Léa Raobela; Riffat Rashid; M Ashwin Reddy; Ehud Reich; Lorna A Renner; David Reynders; Dahiru Ribadu; Mussagy M Riheia; Petra Ritter-Sovinz; Duangnate Rojanaporn; Livia Romero; Soma R Roy; Raya H Saab; Svetlana Saakyan; Ahmed H Sabhan; Mandeep S Sagoo; Azza M A Said; Rohit Saiju; Beatriz Salas; Sonsoles San Román Pacheco; Gissela L Sánchez; Phayvanh Sayalith; Trish A Scanlan; Amy C Schefler; Judy Schoeman; Ahad Sedaghat; Stefan Seregard; Rachna Seth; Ankoor S Shah; Shawkat A Shakoor; Manoj K Sharma; Sadik T Sherief; Nandan G Shetye; Carol L Shields; Sorath Noorani Siddiqui; Sidi Sidi Cheikh; Sónia Silva; Arun D Singh; Niharika Singh; Usha Singh; Penny Singha; Rita S Sitorus; Alison H Skalet; Hendrian D Soebagjo; Tetyana Sorochynska; Grace Ssali; Andrew W Stacey; Sandra E Staffieri; Erin D Stahl; Christina Stathopoulos; Branka Stirn Kranjc; David K Stones; Caron Strahlendorf; Maria Estela Coleoni Suarez; Sadia Sultana; Xiantao Sun; Meryl Sundy; Rosanne Superstein; Eddy Supriyadi; Supawan Surukrattanaskul; Shigenobu Suzuki; Karel Svojgr; Fatoumata Sylla; Gevorg Tamamyan; Deborah Tan; Alketa Tandili; Fanny F Tarrillo Leiva; Maryam Tashvighi; Bekim Tateshi; Edi S Tehuteru; Luiz F Teixeira; Kok Hoi Teh; Tuyisabe Theophile; Helen Toledano; Doan L Trang; Fousseyni Traoré; Sumalin Trichaiyaporn; Samuray Tuncer; Harba Tyau-Tyau; Ali B Umar; Emel Unal; Ogul E Uner; Steen F Urbak; Tatiana L Ushakova; Rustam H Usmanov; Sandra Valeina; Milo van Hoefen Wijsard; Adisai Varadisai; Liliana Vasquez; Leon O Vaughan; Nevyana V Veleva-Krasteva; Nishant Verma; Andi A Victor; Maris Viksnins; Edwin G Villacís Chafla; Vicktoria Vishnevskia-Dai; Tushar Vora; Antonio E Wachtel; Werner Wackernagel; Keith Waddell; Patricia D Wade; Amina H Wali; Yi-Zhuo Wang; Avery Weiss; Matthew W Wilson; Amelia D C Wime; Atchareeya Wiwatwongwana; Damrong Wiwatwongwana; Charlotte Wolley Dod; Phanthipha Wongwai; Daoman Xiang; Yishuang Xiao; Jason C Yam; Huasheng Yang; Jenny M Yanga; Muhammad A Yaqub; Vera A Yarovaya; Andrey A Yarovoy; Huijing Ye; Yacoub A Yousef; Putu Yuliawati; Arturo M Zapata López; Ekhtelbenina Zein; Chengyue Zhang; Yi Zhang; Junyang Zhao; Xiaoyu Zheng; Katsiaryna Zhilyaeva; Nida Zia; Othman A O Ziko; Marcia Zondervan; Richard Bowman; Global Retinoblastoma Study Group

doi:10.1001/jamaoncol.2019.6716

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Global Retinoblastoma Presentation and Analysis by National Income Level

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Global Retinoblastoma Presentation and Analysis by National Income Level

Ido Didi Fabian, Elhassan Abdallah, Shehu U Abdullahi, Rula A Abdulqader, Sahadatou Adamou Boubacar, Dupe S Ademola-Popoola, Adedayo Adio, Armin R Afshar, Priyanka Aggarwal, Ada E Aghaji, …

JAMA oncology, Vol.6(5), pp.685-695

01/05/2020

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1001/jamaoncol.2019.6716

PMCID: 7047856

PMID: 32105305

Abstract

Child, Preschool

Female

Humans

Infant

Male

Retinoblastoma - economics

Retinoblastoma - epidemiology

Early diagnosis of retinoblastoma, the most common intraocular cancer, can save both a child's life and vision. However, anecdotal evidence suggests that many children across the world are diagnosed late. To our knowledge, the clinical presentation of retinoblastoma has never been assessed on a global scale. To report the retinoblastoma stage at diagnosis in patients across the world during a single year, to investigate associations between clinical variables and national income level, and to investigate risk factors for advanced disease at diagnosis. A total of 278 retinoblastoma treatment centers were recruited from June 2017 through December 2018 to participate in a cross-sectional analysis of treatment-naive patients with retinoblastoma who were diagnosed in 2017. Age at presentation, proportion of familial history of retinoblastoma, and tumor stage and metastasis. The cohort included 4351 new patients from 153 countries; the median age at diagnosis was 30.5 (interquartile range, 18.3-45.9) months, and 1976 patients (45.4%) were female. Most patients (n = 3685 [84.7%]) were from low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Globally, the most common indication for referral was leukocoria (n = 2638 [62.8%]), followed by strabismus (n = 429 [10.2%]) and proptosis (n = 309 [7.4%]). Patients from high-income countries (HICs) were diagnosed at a median age of 14.1 months, with 656 of 666 (98.5%) patients having intraocular retinoblastoma and 2 (0.3%) having metastasis. Patients from low-income countries were diagnosed at a median age of 30.5 months, with 256 of 521 (49.1%) having extraocular retinoblastoma and 94 of 498 (18.9%) having metastasis. Lower national income level was associated with older presentation age, higher proportion of locally advanced disease and distant metastasis, and smaller proportion of familial history of retinoblastoma. Advanced disease at diagnosis was more common in LMICs even after adjusting for age (odds ratio for low-income countries vs upper-middle-income countries and HICs, 17.92 [95% CI, 12.94-24.80], and for lower-middle-income countries vs upper-middle-income countries and HICs, 5.74 [95% CI, 4.30-7.68]). This study is estimated to have included more than half of all new retinoblastoma cases worldwide in 2017. Children from LMICs, where the main global retinoblastoma burden lies, presented at an older age with more advanced disease and demonstrated a smaller proportion of familial history of retinoblastoma, likely because many do not reach a childbearing age. Given that retinoblastoma is curable, these data are concerning and mandate intervention at national and international levels. Further studies are needed to investigate factors, other than age at presentation, that may be associated with advanced disease in LMICs.

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Title: Global Retinoblastoma Presentation and Analysis by National Income Level
Creators - without role: Ido Didi Fabian - Tel Aviv University
Elhassan Abdallah - Mohammed V University
Shehu U Abdullahi - Bayero University Kano
Rula A Abdulqader - Basra Children's Specialty Hospital, Basra, Iraq
Sahadatou Adamou Boubacar - National Hospital Niamey
Dupe S Ademola-Popoola - University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital
Adedayo Adio - University of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital
Armin R Afshar - University of California, San Francisco
Priyanka Aggarwal - Banaras Hindu University
Ada E Aghaji - University of Nigeria
Alia Ahmad - The Children's Hospital and the Institute of Child Health, Lahore, Pakistan
Marliyanti N R Akib - RS Dr Wahidin Sudirohusodo, Makassar, Indonesia
Lamis Al Harby - Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust
Mouroge H Al Ani - Hawler Medical University
Aygun Alakbarova - Zarifa Aliyeva National Center of Ophthalmology, Baku, Azerbaijan
Silvia Alarcón Portabella - Department of Pediatric Ophthalmology, Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
Safaa A F Al-Badri - University of Baghdad
Ana Patricia A Alcasabas - University of the Philippines Manila
Saad A Al-Dahmash - King Saud University
Amanda Alejos - Unidad Nacional de Oncología Pediátrica, Guatemala City, Guatemala
Ernesto Alemany-Rubio - Instituto Cubano de Oftalmología "Ramón Pando Ferrer"
Amadou I Alfa Bio - University of Parakou, Parakou, Benin
Yvania Alfonso Carreras - St Damien Pediatric Hospital, Port-au-Prince, Haiti
Christiane Al-Haddad - American University of Beirut Medical Center
Hamoud H Y Al-Hussaini - Pediatric Oncology Department, National Oncology Center, Sana'a, Yemen
Amany M Ali - Assiut University
Donjeta B Alia - University Hospital Center Mother Theresa, Tirana, Albania
Mazin F Al-Jadiry - University of Baghdad
Usama Al-Jumaily - Imam Hussein Cancer Center, Karbala, Iraq
Hind M Alkatan - King Saud University
Charlotta All-Eriksson - S:t Eriks Ögonsjukhus
Ali A R M Al-Mafrachi - Ibn Al Haitham Teaching Eye Hospital, Baghdad, Iraq
Argentino A Almeida - Beira Central Hospital, Beira, Mozambique
Khalifa M Alsawidi - University of Tripoli
Athar A S M Al-Shaheen - Basra Children's Specialty Hospital, Basra, Iraq
Entissar H Al-Shammary - Oncology Unit, Child's Central Teaching Hospital, Baghdad, Iraq
Primawita O Amiruddin - National Eye Center, Cicendo Eye Hospital, Bandung, Indonesia
Romanzo Antonino - Bambino Gesù IRCCS Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
Nicholas J Astbury - London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine
Hatice T Atalay - Gazi University
La-Ongsri Atchaneeyasakul - Mahidol University
Rose Atsiaya - Christ University
Taweevat Attaseth - Mahidol University
Than H Aung - University Of Medicine 1 Yangon
Silvia Ayala - Retina Consultants of Houston
Baglan Baizakova - Scientific Center of Pediatrics and Pediatric Surgery, Almaty, Kazakhstan
Julia Balaguer - Pediatric Oncology Unit, Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La Fe, Valencia, Spain
Ruhengiz Balayeva - Zarifa Aliyeva National Center of Ophthalmology, Baku, Azerbaijan
Walentyna Balwierz - Jagiellonian University
Honorio Barranco - Pediatric Oncology Unit, Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La Fe, Valencia, Spain
Covadonga Bascaran - London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine
Maja Beck Popovic - University Hospital of Lausanne
Raquel Benavides - Hospital Nacional de Niños
Sarra Benmiloud - Department of Pediatric Oncology, University Hassan II Fès, Fez, Morocco
Nissrine Bennani Guebessi - Casablanca
Rokia C Berete - Ophthalmologic Department of the Teaching Hospital of Treichville, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
Jesse L Berry - Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles
Anirban Bhaduri - The Calcutta Medical Research Institute, Kolkata, India
Sunil Bhat - Narayana Health
Shelley J Biddulph - University of the Witwatersrand
Eva M Biewald - University of Duisburg-Essen
Nadia Bobrova - The Filatov Institute of Eye Diseases and Tissue Therapy, Odessa, Ukraine
Marianna Boehme - University of Duisburg-Essen
H C Boldt - University of Iowa
Maria Teresa B C Bonanomi - Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo
Norbert Bornfeld - University of Duisburg-Essen
Gabrielle C Bouda - Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Yalgado Ouédraogo
Hédi Bouguila - Institut Hédi Raïs d'Ophtalmologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
Amaria Boumedane - Etablissement Hospitalière Spécialise Emir Abdelkader CEA Service d'Oncologie Pédiatrique, Oran, Algeria
Rachel C Brennan - St. Jude Children's Research Hospital
Bénédicte G Brichard - Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc
Jassada Buaboonnam - Mahidol University
Patricia Calderón-Sotelo - Hospital Infantil Manuel de Jesús Rivera
Doris A Calle Jara - Hospital del Niño Dr. Francisco De Icaza Bustamante, Guayaquil, Ecuador
Jayne E Camuglia - Queensland Children’s Hospital
Miriam R Cano - Salud Ocular, Ministerio de Salud Publica, Asuncion, Paraguay
Michael Capra - Our Lady's Children's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
Nathalie Cassoux - Université Paris Cité
Guilherme Castela - University of Coimbra
Luis Castillo - Hospital Pereira Rossell, Montevideo, Uruguay
Jaume Català-Mora - Hospital Sant Joan de Déu Barcelona
Guillermo L Chantada - NationalScientific and Technical Research Council, CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
Shabana Chaudhry - King Edward Medical University
Sonal S Chaugule - PBMA's H.V. Desai Eye Hospital
Argudit Chauhan - University of Louisville
Bhavna Chawla - All India Institute of Medical Sciences
Violeta S Chernodrinska - Medical University of Sofia
Faraja S Chiwanga - Muhimbili National Hospital
Tsengelmaa Chuluunbat - National Center for Maternal and Children Health of Mongolia, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
Krzysztof Cieslik - Department of Ophthalmology, The Children's Memorial Health Institute, Warsaw, Poland
Ruellyn L Cockcroft - Starship Children's Health
Codruta Comsa - Institute of Oncology, Prof. Dr Al. Trestioreanu, Bucharest, Romania
Zelia M Correa - University of Cincinnati
Maria G Correa Llano - Hospital Sant Joan de Déu Barcelona
Timothy W Corson - Indiana University
Kristin E Cowan-Lyn - Bustamante Hospital for Children, Kingston, Jamaica
Monika Csóka - Semmelweis University
Xuehao Cui - Shanghai Jiao Tong University
Isac V Da Gama - Quelimane Central Hospital, Quelimane, Mozambique
Wantanee Dangboon - Prince of Songkla University
Anirban Das - Tata Medical Center
Sima Das - Ocular Oncology Services, Dr Shroff's Charity Eye Hospital, New Delhi, India
Jacquelyn M Davanzo - Cleveland Clinic
Alan Davidson - University of Cape Town
Patrick De Potter - Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc
Karina Q Delgado - National Children's Hospital, Panama City, Panama
Hakan Demirci - University of Michigan–Ann Arbor
Laurence Desjardins - Institute Curie
Rosdali Y Diaz Coronado - Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Neoplásicas
Helen Dimaras - The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Andrew J Dodgshun - University of Otago
Craig Donaldson - Children's Hospital at Westmead
Carla R Donato Macedo - Pediatric Oncology Institute, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
Monica D Dragomir - Institute of Oncology, Prof. Dr Al. Trestioreanu, Bucharest, Romania
Yi Du - First Affiliated Hospital of GuangXi Medical University
Magritha Du Bruyn - University of KwaZulu-Natal
Kemala S Edison - Andalas University
I Wayan Eka Sutyawan - Udayana University
Asmaa El Kettani - Casablanca
Amal M Elbahi - University of Tripoli
James E Elder - University of Melbourne
Dina Elgalaly - Children's Cancer Hospital Egypt 57357, Cairo, Egypt
Alaa M Elhaddad - Children's Cancer Hospital Egypt 57357, Cairo, Egypt
Moawia M Ali Elhassan - University of Gezira
Mahmoud M Elzembely - Assiut University
Vera A Essuman - University of Ghana
Ted Grimbert A Evina - Magrabi ICO Cameroon Eye Institute, Yaounde, Cameroon
Zehra Fadoo - Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
Adriana C Fandiño - Hospital Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina
Mohammad Faranoush - Iran University of Medical Sciences
Oluyemi Fasina - University of Ibadan
Delia D P G Fernández - CIUDAD
Ana Fernández-Teijeiro - Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena
Allen Foster - London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine
Shahar Frenkel - Hebrew University of Jerusalem
Ligia D Fu - Hospital Escuela, Tegucigalpa, Honduras
Soad L Fuentes-Alabi - Pediatric Oncology Department, Benjamin Bloom National Children's Hospital, San Salvador, El Salvador
Brenda L Gallie - The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Moira Gandiwa - Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital
Juan L Garcia - ClínicaAnglo American, Lima, Perú
David García Aldana - Servicio Andaluz de Salud, Sevilla, Spain
Pascale Y Gassant - St Damien Pediatric Hospital, Port-au-Prince, Haiti
Jennifer A Geel - Johannesburg Hospital
Fariba Ghassemi - Tehran University of Medical Sciences
Ana V Girón - Unidad Nacional de Oncología Pediátrica, Guatemala City, Guatemala
Zelalem Gizachew - Addis Ababa University
Marco A Goenz - Pediatric Oncology Department, Benjamin Bloom National Children's Hospital, San Salvador, El Salvador
Aaron S Gold - Murray Ocular Oncology and Retina, Miami, Florida
Maya Goldberg-Lavid - Tel Aviv University
Glen A Gole - Queensland Children’s Hospital
Nir Gomel - Tel Aviv University
Efren Gonzalez - Boston Children's Hospital
Graciela Gonzalez Perez - Hospital Civil de Guadalajara
Liudmira González-Rodríguez - Instituto Cubano de Oftalmología "Ramón Pando Ferrer"
Henry N Garcia Pacheco - Pediatric Oncology Unit, Instituto Regional de Enfermedades Neoplásicas del Sur, Arequipa, Perú
Jaime Graells - Hospital Oncológico Andrés Grillasca
Liz Green - IAM NOOR Eye Care Programme, Afghanistan
Pernille A Gregersen - Aarhus University Hospital
Nathalia D A K Grigorovski - National Cancer Institute, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Koffi M Guedenon - Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Tokoin
D Sanjeeva Gunasekera - SRI
Ahmet K Gündüz - Ankara University
Himika Gupta - Bai Jerbai Wadia Hospital for Children
Sanjiv Gupta - King George's Medical University
Theodora Hadjistilianou - University of Siena
Patrick Hamel - Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine
Syed A Hamid - Indus Hospital
Norhafizah Hamzah - Hospital Kuala Lumpur
Eric D Hansen - University of Utah
J William Harbour - University of Miami
M Elizabeth Hartnett - University of Utah
Murat Hasanreisoglu - Gazi University
Sadiq Hassan - Bayero University Kano
Shadab Hassan - Department of Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus, Al Shifa Trust Eye Hospital, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
Stanislava Hederova - University Children's Hospital, Bratislava, Slovakia
Jose Hernandez - Hospital Nacional Guillermo Almenara Irigoyen, Lima, Perú
Lorelay Marie Carcamo Hernandez - National Children's Hospital, Panama City, Panama
Laila Hessissen - Mohammed V University
Diriba F Hordofa - Jimma University
Laura C Huang - Stanford University
G B Hubbard - Emory Eye Center
Marlies Hummlen - Oslo University Hospital
Kristina Husakova - University Children's Hospital, Bratislava, Slovakia
Allawi N Hussein Al-Janabi - Oncology Unit, Child's Central Teaching Hospital, Baghdad, Iraq
Russo Ida - Bambino Gesù IRCCS Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
Vesna R Ilic - Institute for Oncology and Radiology of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia
Vivekaraj Jairaj - Pacific International Hospital, Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea
Irfan Jeeva - Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
Helen Jenkinson - Birmingham Women’s and Children’s NHS Foundation Trust
Xunda Ji - Shanghai Jiao Tong University
Dong Hyun Jo - Seoul National University Hospital
Kenneth P Johnson - Clínica Oftalmológica Pasteur, Santiago, Chile
William J Johnson - Medical University of South Carolina
Michael M Jones - Children's Hospital at Westmead
Theophile B Amani Kabesha - Bukavu Eye Clinic, Bukavu Official University, Bukavu, Democratic Republic of the Congo
Rolande L Kabore - Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Yalgado Ouédraogo
Swathi Kaliki - L V Prasad Eye Institute
Abubakar Kalinaki - Makerere University
Mehmet Kantar - Ege University
Ling-Yuh Kao - Chang Gung Memorial Hospital
Tamar Kardava - Ophthalmology Department, Central Children's Hospital of Georgia, Tbilisi, Georgia
Rejin Kebudi - Istanbul University
Tomas Kepak - St. Anne’s University Hospital Brno
Naama Keren-Froim - Tel Aviv University
Zohora J Khan - Dhaka Medical College Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh
Hussain A Khaqan - Lahore General Hospital
Phara Khauv - Angkor Hospital for Children
Wajiha J Kheir - Duke University Hospital
Vikas Khetan - Sankara Nethralaya
Alireza Khodabande - Tehran University of Medical Sciences
Zaza Khotenashvili - Ophthalmology Department, Central Children's Hospital of Georgia, Tbilisi, Georgia
Jonathan W Kim - Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles
Jeong Hun Kim - Seoul National University Hospital
Hayyam Kiratli - Hacettepe University
Tero T Kivelä - Helsinki University Hospital
Artur Klett - East Tallinn Central Hospital
Jess Elio Kosh Komba Palet - Oncologue Pédiatre Responsable d'Unité de Bangui, Bangui, Central African Republic
Dalia Krivaitiene - Vilnius University
Mariana Kruger - Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
Kittisak Kulvichit - Chulalongkorn University
Mayasari W Kuntorini - National Eye Center, Cicendo Eye Hospital, Bandung, Indonesia
Alice Kyara - Muhimbili National Hospital
Eva S Lachmann - University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf
Carol P S Lam - Chinese University of Hong Kong
Geoffrey C Lam - University of Western Australia
Scott A Larson - University of Iowa
Slobodanka Latinovic - Clinical Center of Vojvodina, University Eye Clinic, Eye Research Foundation Vidar-Latinović, Novi Sad, Serbia
Kelly D Laurenti - Division of Ophthalmology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, and Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
Bao Han A Le - University of Hawaii System
Karin Lecuona - University of Cape Town
Amy A Leverant - Phoenix Children's Hospital
Cairui Li - Dali University
Ben Limbu - Tilganga Institute of Ophthalmology
Quah Boon Long - Singapore National Eye Center
Juan P López - Faculty
Robert M Lukamba - University of Lubumbashi
Livia Lumbroso - Institute Curie
Sandra Luna-Fineman - Children's Hospital Colorado
Delfitri Lutfi - Airlangga University
Lesia Lysytsia - Okhmatdyt National Children's Hospital, Kiev, Ukraine
George N Magrath - Medical University of South Carolina
Amita Mahajan - Pediatric Hematology-Oncology Unit, Apollo Center for Advanced Pediatrics, Indraprastha Apollo Hospital, New Delhi, India
Abdul Rahim Majeed - IAM NOOR Eye Care Programme, Afghanistan
Erika Maka - Semmelweis University
Mayuri Makan - Sekuru Kaguvi Eye Unit, Parirenyatwa Group of Hospitals, Harare, Zimbabwe
Emil K Makimbetov - National Center of Oncology and Hematology, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan
Chatonda Manda - Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital
Nieves Martín Begue - Department of Pediatric Ophthalmology, Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
Lauren Mason - University of Alabama at Birmingham
John O Mason, 3rd - University of Alabama at Birmingham
Ibrahim O Matende - Christ University
Miguel Materin - Duke University Hospital
Clarissa C D S Mattosinho - National Cancer Institute, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Marchelo Matua - Ruharo Eye Centre, Ruharo Mission Hospital, Mbarara, Uganda
Ismail Mayet - University of the Witwatersrand
Freddy B Mbumba - Livingstone Hospital
John D McKenzie - Department of Ocular Oncology, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
Aurora Medina-Sanson - Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez
Azim Mehrvar - MAHAK Hematology Oncology Research Center, Mahak Hospital, Tehran, Iran
Aemero A Mengesha - Jimma University
Vikas Menon - Centre for Sight
Gary John V D Mercado - University of the Philippines Manila
Marilyn B Mets - Division of Ophthalmology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, and Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
Edoardo Midena - Department of Ophthalmology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
Divyansh K C Mishra - Sankara Eye Hospital, Bangalore, India
Furahini G Mndeme - Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre
Ahmed A Mohamedani - University of Gezira
Mona T Mohammad - King Hussein Cancer Center
Annette C Moll - Amsterdam University Medical Centers
Margarita M Montero - Hospital Infantil Dr. Robert Reid Cabral
Rosa A Morales - Hospital Infantil Manuel de Jesús Rivera
Claude Moreira - Hôpital Aristide Le Dantec
Prithvi Mruthyunjaya - Stanford University
Mchikirwa S Msina - Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre
Gerald Msukwa - Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital
Sangeeta S Mudaliar - Bai Jerbai Wadia Hospital for Children
Kangwa I Muma - Ministry of Health, Lusaka, Zambia
Francis L Munier - University of Lausanne
Gabriela Murgoi - Institute of Oncology, Prof. Dr Al. Trestioreanu, Bucharest, Romania
Timothy G Murray - Murray Ocular Oncology and Retina, Miami, Florida
Kareem O Musa - Lagos University Teaching Hospital
Asma Mushtaq - Institute of Child Health
Hamzah Mustak - University of Cape Town
Okwen M Muyen - Abii Specialists Hospital, Bamenda, Cameroon
Gita Naidu - University of the Witwatersrand
Akshay Gopinathan Nair - Lokmanya Tilak Municipal General Hospital and Medical College, Mumbai, India
Larisa Naumenko - N.N. Alexandrov National Cancer Centre
Paule Aïda Ndoye Roth - Cheikh Anta Diop University
Yetty M Nency - Diponegoro University
Vladimir Neroev - Moscow Helmholtz Research Institute of Eye Diseases, Moscow, Russia
Hang Ngo - Ho Chi Minh Eye Hospital, Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam
Rosa M Nieves - Hospital Infantil Dr. Robert Reid Cabral
Marina Nikitovic - Institute for Oncology and Radiology of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia
Elizabeth D Nkanga - University of Calabar
Henry Nkumbe - Magrabi ICO Cameroon Eye Institute, Yaounde, Cameroon
Murtuza Nuruddin - Chittagong Eye Infirmary and Training Complex, Chittagong, Bangladesh
Mutale Nyaywa - Arthur Davison Children's Hospital, Ndola, Zambia
Ghislaine Obono-Obiang - CHU Angondje Cancerologie, Libreville, Gabon
Ngozi C Oguego - University of Nigeria
Andrzej Olechowski - Department of Ophthalmology, The Children's Memorial Health Institute, Warsaw, Poland
Scott C N Oliver - Sue Anschutz-Rodgers Eye Center, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora
Peter Osei-Bonsu - Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital
Diego Ossandon - Clínica Alemana
Manuel A Paez-Escamilla - University of Miami
Halimah Pagarra - RS Dr Wahidin Sudirohusodo, Makassar, Indonesia
Sally L Painter - Birmingham Women’s and Children’s NHS Foundation Trust
Vivian Paintsil - Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital
Luisa Paiva - National Ophthalmological Institute of Angola, Luanda, Angola
Bikramjit P Pal - Tata Medical Center
Mahesh Shanmugam Palanivelu - Sankara Eye Hospital, Bangalore, India
Ruzanna Papyan - Yerevan State Medical University
Raffaele Parrozzani - Department of Ophthalmology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
Manoj Parulekar - Birmingham Women’s and Children’s NHS Foundation Trust
Claudia R Pascual Morales - Hospital Nacional Guillermo Almenara Irigoyen, Lima, Perú
Katherine E Paton - University of British Columbia
Katarzyna Pawinska-Wasikowska - Jagiellonian University
Jacob Pe'er - Hebrew University of Jerusalem
Armando Peña - Hospital Escuela, Tegucigalpa, Honduras
Sanja Peric - University Hospital Center Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
Chau T M Pham - Institute of Ophthalmology
Remezo Philbert - Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Kamenge, Bujumbura, Burundi
David A Plager - Indiana University
Pavel Pochop - Charles University
Rodrigo A Polania - Fundacion Clinica Valle del Lili, Cali, Colombia
Vladimir G Polyakov - Russian Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education, Moscow, Russia
Manca T Pompe - University Eye Hospital Ljubljana, University Medical Center Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
Jonathan J Pons - Good Shepherd Hospital, Siteki, Swaziland
Daphna Prat - Tel Aviv University
Vireak Prom - Sankara Nethralaya
Ignatius Purwanto - Faculty
Ali O Qadir - Hiwa Cancer Hospital, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq
Seema Qayyum - The Children's Hospital and the Institute of Child Health, Lahore, Pakistan
Jiang Qian - Fudan University
Ardizal Rahman - Andalas University
Salman Rahman - University of California, San Francisco
Jamalia Rahmat - Hospital Kuala Lumpur
Purnima Rajkarnikar - Tilganga Institute of Ophthalmology
Rajesh Ramanjulu - Sankara Eye Hospital, Bangalore, India
Aparna Ramasubramanian - University of Louisville
Marco A Ramirez-Ortiz - Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez
Léa Raobela - Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Joseph Ravoahangy Andrianavalona, Antananarivo, Madagascar
Riffat Rashid - Department of Oculoplasty and Ocular Oncology, Ispahani Islamia Eye Institute and Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh
M Ashwin Reddy - Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust
Ehud Reich - Tel Aviv University
Lorna A Renner - University of Ghana
David Reynders - University of Pretoria
Dahiru Ribadu - Federal Medical Center, Yola, Nigeria
Mussagy M Riheia - Nampula Central Hospital, Nampula, Mozambique
Petra Ritter-Sovinz - Medical University of Graz
Duangnate Rojanaporn - Mahidol University
Livia Romero - Hospital Oncológico Andrés Grillasca
Soma R Roy - Chittagong Eye Infirmary and Training Complex, Chittagong, Bangladesh
Raya H Saab - American University of Beirut Medical Center
Svetlana Saakyan - Moscow Helmholtz Research Institute of Eye Diseases, Moscow, Russia
Ahmed H Sabhan - University of Baghdad
Mandeep S Sagoo - Moorfields Eye Hospital
Azza M A Said - Ain Shams University
Rohit Saiju - Tilganga Institute of Ophthalmology
Beatriz Salas - Hospital Dr Manuel Ascencio Villarroel, Cochabamba, Bolivia
Sonsoles San Román Pacheco - Pediatric Hemato-Oncology, Hospital Universitario Infantil La Paz, Madrid, Spain
Gissela L Sánchez - Hospital Solca Quito, Quito, Ecuador
Phayvanh Sayalith - Mahosot Hospital
Trish A Scanlan - Muhimbili National Hospital
Amy C Schefler - Retina Consultants of Houston
Judy Schoeman - University of Pretoria
Ahad Sedaghat - Rasool Akram Hospital
Stefan Seregard - S:t Eriks Ögonsjukhus
Rachna Seth - All India Institute of Medical Sciences
Ankoor S Shah - Boston Children's Hospital
Shawkat A Shakoor - Institute of Ophthalmology
Manoj K Sharma - East Timor Eye Program, Dili, Timor-Leste
Sadik T Sherief - Addis Ababa University
Nandan G Shetye - Tata Memorial Hospital
Carol L Shields - Thomas Jefferson University
Sorath Noorani Siddiqui - Department of Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus, Al Shifa Trust Eye Hospital, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
Sidi Sidi Cheikh - Ophthalmology Department, Nouakchott Medical University, Nouakchott, Mauritania
Sónia Silva - University of Coimbra
Arun D Singh - Cleveland Clinic
Niharika Singh - Sankara Nethralaya
Usha Singh - Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research
Penny Singha - Prince of Songkla University
Rita S Sitorus - Rumah Sakit Umum Pusat Nasional Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo
Alison H Skalet - Oregon Health & Science University
Hendrian D Soebagjo - Airlangga University
Tetyana Sorochynska - The Filatov Institute of Eye Diseases and Tissue Therapy, Odessa, Ukraine
Grace Ssali - Mulago Hospital
Andrew W Stacey - University of Washington
Sandra E Staffieri - University of Melbourne
Erin D Stahl - Children's Mercy Hospital
Christina Stathopoulos - University of Lausanne
Branka Stirn Kranjc - University Eye Hospital Ljubljana, University Medical Center Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
David K Stones - University of the Free State
Caron Strahlendorf - BC Children's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
Maria Estela Coleoni Suarez - La Sierra University
Sadia Sultana - Department of Oculoplasty and Ocular Oncology, Ispahani Islamia Eye Institute and Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh
Xiantao Sun - Zhengzhou University
Meryl Sundy - Oregon Health & Science University
Rosanne Superstein - Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine
Eddy Supriyadi - Faculty
Supawan Surukrattanaskul - Queen Sirikit National Institute of Child Health
Shigenobu Suzuki - Department of Ophthalmic Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
Karel Svojgr - Charles University
Fatoumata Sylla - Africa Institute of Tropical Ophthalmology, Bamako, Mali
Gevorg Tamamyan - Yerevan State Medical University
Deborah Tan - Singapore National Eye Center
Alketa Tandili - University Hospital Center Mother Theresa, Tirana, Albania
Fanny F Tarrillo Leiva - Hospital Nacional Edgardo Rebagliati Martins, Lima, Perú
Maryam Tashvighi - MAHAK Hematology Oncology Research Center, Mahak Hospital, Tehran, Iran
Bekim Tateshi - University Eye Clinic, Skopje, Macedonia
Edi S Tehuteru - Dharmais Cancer Hospital
Luiz F Teixeira - Ophthalmology Department, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
Kok Hoi Teh - Hospital Kuala Lumpur
Tuyisabe Theophile - Kabgayi Eye Unit, Gitarama, Rwanda
Helen Toledano - Tel Aviv University
Doan L Trang - Institute of Ophthalmology
Fousseyni Traoré - Pediatric Oncology Service, Gabriel Toure Hospital, Bamako, Mali
Sumalin Trichaiyaporn - Queen Sirikit National Institute of Child Health
Samuray Tuncer - Istanbul University
Harba Tyau-Tyau - Children's Hospital at Dartmouth Hitchcock
Ali B Umar - Bayero University Kano
Emel Unal - Ankara University
Ogul E Uner - Emory Eye Center
Steen F Urbak - Aarhus University Hospital
Tatiana L Ushakova - Russian Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education, Moscow, Russia
Rustam H Usmanov - National Cancer Center of Uzbekistan, Tashkent, Uzbekistan
Sandra Valeina - Children's Clinical University Hospital, Riga, Latvia
Milo van Hoefen Wijsard - Amsterdam University Medical Centers
Adisai Varadisai - Chulalongkorn University
Liliana Vasquez - Hospital Nacional Edgardo Rebagliati Martins, Lima, Perú
Leon O Vaughan - Bustamante Hospital for Children, Kingston, Jamaica
Nevyana V Veleva-Krasteva - Medical University of Sofia
Nishant Verma - King George's Medical University
Andi A Victor - Rumah Sakit Umum Pusat Nasional Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo
Maris Viksnins - Children's Clinical University Hospital, Riga, Latvia
Edwin G Villacís Chafla - Hospital del Niño Dr. Francisco De Icaza Bustamante, Guayaquil, Ecuador
Vicktoria Vishnevskia-Dai - Tel Aviv University
Tushar Vora - Tata Memorial Hospital
Antonio E Wachtel - Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Neoplásicas
Werner Wackernagel - Medical University of Graz
Keith Waddell - Ruharo Eye Centre, Ruharo Mission Hospital, Mbarara, Uganda
Patricia D Wade - Jos University Teaching Hospital
Amina H Wali - National Eye Center Kaduna, Kaduna, Nigeria
Yi-Zhuo Wang - Capital Medical University
Avery Weiss - University of Washington
Matthew W Wilson - St. Jude Children's Research Hospital
Amelia D C Wime - National Ophthalmological Institute of Angola, Luanda, Angola
Atchareeya Wiwatwongwana - Chiang Mai University
Damrong Wiwatwongwana - Chiang Mai University
Charlotte Wolley Dod - Department of Pediatric Ophthalmology, Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
Phanthipha Wongwai - Khon Kaen University
Daoman Xiang - Guangzhou Medical University
Yishuang Xiao - Kunming Children's Hospital
Jason C Yam - Chinese University of Hong Kong
Huasheng Yang - Sun Yat-sen University
Jenny M Yanga - Service d'Ophtalmologie, Cliniques Universitaires de Kinshasa, Université de Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo
Muhammad A Yaqub - Institute of Ophthalmology
Vera A Yarovaya - Intersectoral Research and Technology Complex Eye Microsurgery
Andrey A Yarovoy - Intersectoral Research and Technology Complex Eye Microsurgery
Huijing Ye - Sun Yat-sen University
Yacoub A Yousef - King Hussein Cancer Center
Putu Yuliawati - Udayana University
Arturo M Zapata López - Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Neoplásicas
Ekhtelbenina Zein - Assistante Hospitalo Universitaire, Faculte de Medecine de Nouakchott Medecin Oncopediatre, Center National d'Oncologie, Nouakchott, Mauritania
Chengyue Zhang - Capital Medical University
Yi Zhang - Capital Medical University
Junyang Zhao - Capital Medical University
Xiaoyu Zheng - Children's Hospital of Zhejiang University
Katsiaryna Zhilyaeva - N.N. Alexandrov National Cancer Centre
Nida Zia - Indus Hospital
Othman A O Ziko - Ain Shams University
Marcia Zondervan - London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine
Richard Bowman - Great Ormond Street Hospital
Global Retinoblastoma Study Group
Publication Details: JAMA oncology, Vol.6(5), pp.685-695
Grant note: P30 CA014236 / NCI NIH HHS K08 CA232344 / NCI NIH HHS
Identifiers: 9947908708331
Academic Unit: King Saud University
Language: English
Resource Type: Journal article