Global age-sex-specific fertility, mortality, healthy life expectancy (HALE), and population estimates in 204 countries and territories, 1950-2019: a comprehensive demographic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Haidong Wang; Kaja M Abbas; Mitra Abbasifard; Mohsen Abbasi-Kangevari; Hedayat Abbastabar; Foad Abd-Allah; Ahmed Abdelalim; Hassan Abolhassani; Lucas Guimaraes Abreu; Michael RM Abrigo; Abdelrahman I Abushouk; Maryam Adabi; Tim Adair; Oladimeji M Adebayo; Isaac Akinkunmi Adedeji; Victor Adekanmbi; Abiodun Moshood Adeoye; Olatunji O Adetokunboh; Shailesh M Advani; Ashkan Afshin; Mohammad Aghaali; Anurag Agrawal; Keivan Ahmadi; Hamid Ahmadieh; Muktar Beshir Ahmed; Ziyad Al-Aly; Khurshid Alam; Tahiya Alam; Fahad Mashhour Alanezi; Turki M Alanzi; Jacqueline Elizabeth Alcalde-Rabanal; Muhammad Ali; Gianfranco Alicandro; Mehran Alijanzadeh; Cyrus Alinia; Vahid Alipour; Hesam Alizade; Syed Mohamed Aljunid; Peter Allebeck; Majid Abdulrahman Hamad Almadi; Amir Almasi-Hashiani; Hesham M Al-Mekhlafi; Khalid A Altirkawi; Arwa Khalid Alumran; Nelson Alvis-Guzman; Mostafa Amini-Rarani; Arya Aminorroaya; Arianna Maever L Amit; Robert Ancuceanu; Catalina Liliana Andrei; Sofia Androudi; Colin Angus; Mina Anjomshoa; Fereshteh Ansari; Iman Ansari; Alireza Ansari-Moghaddam; Carl Abelardo T Antonio; Catherine M Antony; Davood Anvari; Seth Christopher Yaw Appiah; Jalal Arabloo; Morteza Arab-Zozani; Aleksandr Y Aravkin; Olatunde Aremu; Johan Arnlov; Krishna K Aryal; Ali A Asadi-Pooya; Samaneh Asgari; Mohammad Asghari Jafarabadi; Madhu Sudhan Atteraya; Marcel Ausloos; Leticia Avila-Burgos; Euripide Frinel Gbenato Arthur Avokpaho; Beatriz Paulina Ayala Quintanilla; Getinet Ayano; Martin Amogre Ayanore; Ghasem Azarian; Ebrahim Babaee; Ashish D Badiye; Eleni Bagli; Mohammad Amin Bahrami; Ahad Bakhtiari; Shelly Balassyano; Maciej Banach; Palash Chandra Banik; Suzanne Lyn Barker-Collo; Till Winfried Barnighausen; Akbar Barzegar; Sanjay Basu; Bernhard T Baune; Mohsen Bayati; Gholamreza Bazmandegan; Neeraj Bedi; Michellr L Bell; Derrick A Bennett; Isabela M Bensenor; Kidanemaryam Berhe; Adam E Berman; Gregory J Bertolacci; Reshmi Bhageerathy; Neeraj Bhala; Krittika Bhattacharyya; Zulfiqar A Bhutta; Ali Bijani; Antonio Biondi; Donal Bisanzio; Catherine Bisignano; Raaj Kishore Biswas; Tone Bjrge; Somayeh Bohlouli; Mehdi Bohluli; Srinivasa Rao Rao Bolla; Antonio Maria Borzi; Shiva Borzouei; Oliver J Brady; Dejana Braithwaite; Michael Brauer; Andrey Nikolaevich Briko; Nikolay Ivanovich Briko; Blair R Bumgarner; Sharath Burugina Nagaraja; Zahid A Butt; Florentino Luciano Caetano dos Santos; Tianji Cai; Charlton SKH Callender; Luis LA Alberto Camera; Ismael R Campos-Nonato; Rosario Cardenas; Giulia Carreras; Juan J Carrero; Felix Carvalho; Joao Mauricio Castaldelli-Maia; Giulio Castelpietra; Franz Castro; Ferran Catala-Lopez; Christopher R Cederroth; Ester Cerin; Vijay Kumar Chattu; Ken Lee Chin; Dinh-Toi Chu; Liliana G Ciobanu; Massimo Cirillo; Haley Comfort; Vera Marisa Costa; Richard G Cowden; Elizabeth A Cromwell; Andrew J Croneberger; Matthew Cunningham; Saad MA Dahlawi; Giovanni Damiani; Emanuele D'Amico; Lalit Dandona; Rakhi Dandona; Paul I Dargan; Aso Mohammad Darwesh; Ahmad Daryani; Rajat Das Gupta; Jose das Neves; Kairat Davletov; Diego De Leo; Edgar Denova-Gutierrez; Kebede Deribe; Nikolaos Dervenis; Rupak Desai; Govinda Prasad Dhungana; Diana Dias da Silva; Daniel Diaz; Ilse N Dippenaar; Shirin Djalalinia; Hoa Thi Do; Klara Dokova; David Teye Doku; Fariba Dorostkar; Chirag P Doshi; Leila Doshmangir; Kerrie E Doyle; Eleonora Dubljanin; Andre Rodrigues Duraes; David Edvardsson; Andem Effiong; Iman El Sayed; Maha El Tantawi; Iffat Elbarazi; Shaimaa I El-Jaafary; Mohammad Hassan Emamian; Sharareh Eskandarieh; Firooz Esmaeilzadeh; Kara Estep; Mohammad Farahmand; Anwar Faraj; Mohammad Fareed; Roghiyeh Faridnia; Andre Faro; Farshad Farzadfar; Nazir Fattahi; Ali Akbar Fazaeli; Mehdi Fazlzadeh; Valery L Feigin; Seyed-Mohammad Fereshtehnejad; Eduarda Fernandes; Manuela L Ferreira; Irina Filip; Florian Fischer; Carsten Flohr; Nataliya A Foigt; Morenike Oluwatoyin Folayan; Artem Alekseevich Fomenkov; Marisa Freitas; Takeshi Fukumoto; John E Fuller; Joao M Furtado; Mohamed M Gad; Emmanuela Gakidou; Silvano Gallus; Abiyu Mekonnen Gebrehiwot; Ketema Bizuwork Gebremedhin; Peter W Gething; Farhad Ghamari; Ahmad Ghashghaee; Asadollah Gholamian; Syed Amir Gilani; Mojgan Gitimoghaddam; Ekaterina Vladimirovna Glushkova; Elena V Gnedovskaya; Sameer Vali Gopalani; Alessandra C Goulart; Harish Chander Gugnani; Yuming Guo; Rajeev Gupta; Subodh Sharan Gupta; Juanita A Haagsma; Arvin Haj-Mirzaian; Arya Haj-Mirzaian; Iman Halvaei; Randah R Hamadeh; Kanaan Hamagharib Abdullah; Chieh Han; Demelash Woldeyohannes Handiso; Graeme J Hankey; Hamidreza Haririan; Josep Maria Haro; Ahmed I Hasaballah; Soheil Hassanipour; Hadi Hassankhani; Simon I Hay; Behzad Heibati; Reza Heidari-Soureshjani; Kiana Henny; Nathaniel J Henry; Claudiu Herteliu; Fatemeh Heydarpour; Michael K Hole; Praveen Hoogar; H Dean Hosgood; Naznin Hossain; Mehdi Hosseinzadeh; Mihaela Hostiuc; Sorin Hostiuc; Mowafa Househ; Damian G Hoy; Guoqing Hu; Tanvir M Huda; Segun Emmanuel Ibitoye; Kevin S Ikuta; Olayinka Stephen Ilesanmi; Irena M Ilic; Milena D Ilic; Mohammad Hasan Imani-Nasab; MdMohaimenul Islam; Hiroyasu Iso; Chinwe Juliana Iwu; Jalil Jaafari; Kathryn H Jacobsen; Deepa Jahagirdar; Nader Jahanmehr; Amir Jalali; Farzad Jalilian; Spencer L James; Hosna Janjani; Ensiyeh Jenabi; Ravi Prakash Jha; Vivekanand Jha; John S Ji; Jost B Jonas; Farahnaz Joukar; Jacek Jerzy Jozwiak; Mikk Jurisson; Zubair Kabir; Hamed Kalani; Leila R Kalankesh; Zahra Kamiab; Tanuj Kanchan; Neeti Kapoor; Andre Karch; Salah Eddin Karimi; Seyed Asaad Karimi; Nicholas J Kassebaum; Srinivasa Vittal Katikireddi; Norito Kawakami; Gbenga A Kayode; Peter Njenga Keiyoro; Cathleen Keller; Yousef Saleh Khader; Nauman Khalid; Ejaz Ahmad Khan; Maseer Khan; Young-Ho Khang; Amir M Khater; Mona M Khater; Salman Khazaei; Habibolah Khazaie; Mohammad Taghi Khodayari; Jagdish Khubchandani; Neda Kianipour; Cho-il Kim; Young-Eun Kim; Yun Jin Kim; Yohannes Kinfu; Adnan Kisa; Sezer Kisa; Katarzyna Kissimova-Skarbek; Mika Kivimaki; Hamidreza Komaki; Jacek A Kopec; Soewarta Kosen; 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Claudia I Mastrogiacomo; Manu Raj Mathur; Erin A May; Colm McAlinden; John J McGrath; Martin McKee; Man Mohan Mehndiratta; Fereshteh Mehri; Kala M Mehta; Wahengbam Bigyananda Meitei; Peter TN Memiah; Walter Mendoza; Ritesh G Menezes; Endalkachew Worku Mengesha; George A Mensah; Atte Meretoja; Tuomo J Meretoja; Tomislav Mestrovic; Irmina Maria Michalek; Kebadnew Mulatu Mihretie; Ted R Miller; Edward J Mills; George J Milne; Erkin M Mirrakhimov; Hamed Mirzaei; Maryam Mirzaei; Mehdi Mirzaei-Alavijeh; Awoke Temesgen Misganaw; Babak Moazen; Masoud Moghadaszadeh; Efat Mohamadi; Dara K Mohammad; Yousef Mohammad; Naser Mohammad Gholi Mezerji; Abolfazl Mohammadbeigi; Abdollah Mohammadian-Hafshejani; Reza Mohammadpourhodki; Hussen Mohammed; Shafiu Mohammed; Farnam Mohebi; Mohammad A Mohseni Bandpei; Amin Mokari; Ali H Mokdad; Natalie C Momen; Lorenzo Monasta; Meghan D Mooney; Ghobad Moradi; Masoud Moradi; Mohammad Moradi-Joo; Maziar Moradi-Lakeh; Rahmatollah Moradzadeh; Paula Moraga; Ilais Moreno Velasquez; Joana Morgado-da-Costa; Shane Douglas Morrison; Jonathan F Mosser; Simin Mouodi; Seyyed Meysam Mousavi; Amin Mousavi Khaneghah; Ulrich Otto Mueller; Kamarul Imran Musa; Saravanan Muthupandian; Behnam Nabavizadeh; Mehdi Naderi; Ahamarshan Jayaraman Nagarajan; Mohsen Naghavi; Behshad Naghshtabrizi; Gurudatta Naik; Farid Najafi; Vinay Nangia; Jobert Richie Nansseu; Duduzile Edith Ndwandwe; Ionut Negoi; Ruxandra Irina Negoi; Josephine W Ngunjiri; Huong Lan Thi Nguyen; Trang Huyen Nguyen; Yeshambel T Nigatu; Rajan Nikbakhsh; Amin Reza Nikpoor; Molly R Nixon; Chukwudi A Nnaji; Shuhei Nomura; Jean Jacques Noubiap; Soraya Nouraei Motlagh; Christoph Nowak; Adrian Otoiu; Christopher M Odell; In-Hwan Oh; Morteza Oladnabi; Andrew T Olagunju; Bolajoko Olubukunola Olusanya; Jacob Olusegun Olusanya; Ahmed Omar Bali; Kanyin L Ong; Obinna E Onwujekwe; Alberto Ortiz; Nikita Otstavnov; Stanislav S Otstavnov; Simon Overland; Mayowa O Owolabi; P A Mahesh; Jagadish Rao Padubidri; Keyvan Pakshir; Raffaele Palladino; Adrian Pana; Songhomitra Panda-Jonas; James Park; Deepak Kumar Pasupula; Jenil R Patel; Sangram Kishor Patel; George C Patton; Katherine R Paulson; Hamidreza Pazoki Toroudi; Spencer A Pease; Amy E Peden; Veincent Christian Filipino Pepito; Emmanuel K Peprah; Alexandre Pereira; David M Pereira; Norberto Perico; David M Pigott; Thomas Pilgrim; Tessa M Pilz; Michael A Piradov; Meghdad Pirsaheb; Khem Narayan Pokhrel; Maarten J Postma; Hadi Pourjafar; Farshad Pourmalek; Akram Pourshams; Anna Poznanska; Sergio I Prada; Sanjay Prakash; Liliana Preotescu; Zahiruddin Quazi Syed; Mohammad Rabiee; Navid Rabiee; Amir Radfar; Alireza Rafiei; Alberto Raggi; Muhammad Aziz Rahman; Ali Rajabpour-Sanati; Pradhum Ram; Chhabi Lal Ranabhat; Sowmya J Rao; Davide Rasella; Vahid Rashedi; Prateek Rastogi; Priya Rathi; Lal Rawal; Giuseppe Remuzzi; Vishnu Renjith; Andre MN Renzaho; Serge Resnikoff; Nima Rezaei; Mohammad sadegh Rezai; Aziz Rezapour; Jennifer Rickard; Leonardo Roever; Luca Ronfani; Gholamreza Roshandel; Morteza Rostamian; Enrico Rubagotti; Godfrey M Rwegerera; Siamak Sabour; Basema Saddik; Ehsan Sadeghi; Masoumeh Sadeghi; Sahar Saeedi Moghaddam; Yahya Safari; Sare Safi; Saeid Safiri; Rajesh Sagar; Amirhossein Sahebkar; Mohammad Ali Sahraian; S Mohammad Sajadi; Mohammad Reza Salahshoor; Joseph S Salama; Payman Salamati; Marwa R Rashad Salem; Yahya Salimi; Joshua A Salomon; Inbal Salz; Zainab Samad; Abdallah M Samy; Juan Sanabria; Milena M Santric-Milicevic; Sivan Yegnanarayana Iyer Saraswathy; Benn Sartorius; Arash Sarveazad; Brijesh Sathian; Thirunavukkarasu Sathish; Davide Sattin; Mete Saylan; Lauren E Schaeffer; Silvia Schiavolin; David C Schwebel; Falk Schwendicke; Mario Sekerija; Anbissa Muleta Senbeta; Subramanian Senthilkumaran; Sadaf G Sepanlou; Edson Servan-Mori; Mahsima Shabani; Saeed Shahabi; Mohammad Shahbaz; Amira A Shaheen; Masood Ali Shaikh; Ali S Shalash; Mehran Shams-Beyranvand; MohammadBagher Shamsi; Morteza Shamsizadeh; Mohammed Shannawaz; Kiomars Sharafi; Zeinab Sharafi; Fablina Sharara; Rajesh Sharma; David H Shaw; Aziz Sheikh; Jae Il Shin; Rahman Shiri; Mark G Shrime; Kerem Shuval; Soraya Siabani; Inga Dora Sigfusdottir; Rannveig Sigurvinsdottir; Diego Augusto Santos Silva; Biagio Simonetti; Kyle E Simpson; Jasvinder A Singh; Eirini Skiadaresi; Valentin Yurievich Skryabin; Amin Soheili; Anton Sokhan; Reed JD Sorensen; Joan B Soriano; Muluken Bekele Sorrie; Ireneous N Soyiri; Emma Elizabeth Spurlock; Chandrashekhar T Sreeramareddy; Leo Stockfelt; Mark A Stokes; Jacob L Stubbs; Agus Sudaryanto; Mu'awiyyah Babale Sufiyan; Rizwan Suliankatchi Abdulkader; Bryan L Sykes; Rafael Tabares-Seisdedos; Karen M Tabb; Santosh Kumar Tadakamadla; Amir Taherkhani; Muming Tang; Nuno Taveira; Heather Jean Taylor; Whitney L Teagle; Arash Tehrani-Banihashemi; Berhane Fseha Teklehaimanot; Zemenu Tadesse Tessema; Kavumpurathu Raman Thankappan; Nihal Thomas; Amanda G Thrift; Mariya Vladimirovna Titova; Hamid Reza Tohidinik; Marcello Tonelli; Roman Topor-Madry; Fotis Topouzis; Marcos Roberto Roberto Tovani-Palone; Eugenio Traini; Bach Xuan Tran; Ravensara Travillian; Sergi Trias-Llimos; Thomas Clement Truelsen; Lorainne Tudor Car; Bhaskaran Unnikrishnan; Era Upadhyay; Marco Vacante; Alireza Vakilian; Pascual R Valdez; Alessandro Valli; Constantine Vardavas; Tommi Juhani Vasankari; Ana Maria Nogales Vasconcelos; Yasser Vasseghian; Yousef Veisani; Narayanaswamy Venketasubramanian; Simone Vidale; Francesco S Violante; Vasily Vlassov; Stein Emil Vollset; Theo Vos; Isidora S Vujcic; Ana Vukovic; Rade Vukovic; Yasir Waheed; Mitchell Taylor Wallin; Magdalene K Walters; Hongbo Wang; Yuan-Pang Wang; Stefanie Watson; Jingkai Wei; Jordan Weiss; Girmay Teklay Weldesamuel; Andrea Werdecker; Ronny Westerman; Harvey A Whiteford; Taweewat Wiangkham; Kirsten E Wiens; Tissa Wijeratne; Charles Shey Wiysonge; Bogdan Wojtyniak; Charles DA Wolfe; Adam Belay Wondmieneh; Eve E Wool; Ai-Min Wu; Junjie Wu; Gelin Xu; Tomohide Yamada; Kazumasa Yamagishi; Yuichiro Yano; Sanni Yaya; Vahid Yazdi-Feyzabadi; Jamal A Yearwood; Tomas Y Yeheyis; Christopher Sabo Yilgwan; Paul Yip; Naohiro Yonemoto; Seok-Jun Yoon; Javad Yoosefi Lebni; Hunter W York; Mustafa Z Younis; Theodore Patrick Younker; Zabihollah Yousefi; Taraneh Yousefinezhadi; Abdilahi Yousuf Yousuf; Hasan Yusefzadeh; Telma Zahirian Moghadam; Josefina Zakzuk; Sojib Bin Zaman; Mohammad Zamani; Maryam Zamanian; Hamed Zandian; Zhi-Jiang Zhang; Peng Zheng; Maigeng Zhou; Arash Ziapour; Christopher JL Murray

Journal article

Global age-sex-specific fertility, mortality, healthy life expectancy (HALE), and population estimates in 204 countries and territories, 1950-2019: a comprehensive demographic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Haidong Wang, Kaja M Abbas, Mitra Abbasifard, Mohsen Abbasi-Kangevari, Hedayat Abbastabar, Foad Abd-Allah, Ahmed Abdelalim, Hassan Abolhassani, Lucas Guimaraes Abreu, Michael RM Abrigo, …

17/10/2020

Abstract

CHILD-MORTALITY

DEATH

General & Internal Medicine

Life Sciences & Biomedicine

Medicine, General & Internal

Science & Technology

SYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS

TRANSITION

Background: Accurate and up-to-date assessment of demographic metrics is crucial for understanding a wide range of social, economic, and public health issues that affect populations worldwide. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019 produced updated and comprehensive demographic assessments of the key indicators of fertility, mortality, migration, and population for 204 countries and territories and selected subnational locations from 1950 to 2019. Methods: 8078 country-years of vital registration and sample registration data, 938 surveys, 349 censuses, and 238 other sources were identified and used to estimate age-specific fertility. Spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression (ST-GPR) was used to generate age-specific fertility rates for 5-year age groups between ages 15 and 49 years. With extensions to age groups 10–14 and 50–54 years, the total fertility rate (TFR) was then aggregated using the estimated age-specific fertility between ages 10 and 54 years. 7417 sources were used for under-5 mortality estimation and 7355 for adult mortality. ST-GPR was used to synthesise data sources after correction for known biases. Adult mortality was measured as the probability of death between ages 15 and 60 years based on vital registration, sample registration, and sibling histories, and was also estimated using ST-GPR. HIV-free life tables were then estimated using estimates of under-5 and adult mortality rates using a relational model life table system created for GBD, which closely tracks observed age-specific mortality rates from complete vital registration when available. Independent estimates of HIV-specific mortality generated by an epidemiological analysis of HIV prevalence surveys and antenatal clinic serosurveillance and other sources were incorporated into the estimates in countries with large epidemics. Annual and single-year age estimates of net migration and population for each country and territory were generated using a Bayesian hierarchical cohort component model that analysed estimated age-specific fertility and mortality rates along with 1250 censuses and 747 population registry years. We classified location-years into seven categories on the basis of the natural rate of increase in population (calculated by subtracting the crude death rate from the crude birth rate) and the net migration rate. We computed healthy life expectancy (HALE) using years lived with disability (YLDs) per capita, life tables, and standard demographic methods. Uncertainty was propagated throughout the demographic estimation process, including fertility, mortality, and population, with 1000 draw-level estimates produced for each metric. Findings: The global TFR decreased from 2·72 (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 2·66–2·79) in 2000 to 2·31 (2·17–2·46) in 2019. Global annual livebirths increased from 134·5 million (131·5–137·8) in 2000 to a peak of 139·6 million (133·0–146·9) in 2016. Global livebirths then declined to 135·3 million (127·2–144·1) in 2019. Of the 204 countries and territories included in this study, in 2019, 102 had a TFR lower than 2·1, which is considered a good approximation of replacement-level fertility. All countries in sub-Saharan Africa had TFRs above replacement level in 2019 and accounted for 27·1% (95% UI 26·4–27·8) of global livebirths. Global life expectancy at birth increased from 67·2 years (95% UI 66·8–67·6) in 2000 to 73·5 years (72·8–74·3) in 2019. The total number of deaths increased from 50·7 million (49·5–51·9) in 2000 to 56·5 million (53·7–59·2) in 2019. Under-5 deaths declined from 9·6 million (9·1–10·3) in 2000 to 5·0 million (4·3–6·0) in 2019. Global population increased by 25·7%, from 6·2 billion (6·0–6·3) in 2000 to 7·7 billion (7·5–8·0) in 2019. In 2019, 34 countries had negative natural rates of increase; in 17 of these, the population declined because immigration was not sufficient to counteract the negative rate of decline. Globally, HALE increased from 58·6 years (56·1–60·8) in 2000 to 63·5 years (60·8–66·1) in 2019. HALE increased in 202 of 204 countries and territories between 2000 and 2019. Interpretation: Over the past 20 years, fertility rates have been dropping steadily and life expectancy has been increasing, with few exceptions. Much of this change follows historical patterns linking social and economic determinants, such as those captured by the GBD Socio-demographic Index, with demographic outcomes. More recently, several countries have experienced a combination of low fertility and stagnating improvement in mortality rates, pushing more populations into the late stages of the demographic transition. Tracking demographic change and the emergence of new patterns will be essential for global health monitoring. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.

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Title: Global age-sex-specific fertility, mortality, healthy life expectancy (HALE), and population estimates in 204 countries and territories, 1950-2019: a comprehensive demographic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019
Creators - without role: Haidong Wang
Kaja M Abbas
Mitra Abbasifard
Mohsen Abbasi-Kangevari
Hedayat Abbastabar
Foad Abd-Allah
Ahmed Abdelalim
Hassan Abolhassani
Lucas Guimaraes Abreu
Michael RM Abrigo
Abdelrahman I Abushouk
Maryam Adabi
Tim Adair
Oladimeji M Adebayo
Isaac Akinkunmi Adedeji
Victor Adekanmbi
Abiodun Moshood Adeoye
Olatunji O Adetokunboh
Shailesh M Advani
Ashkan Afshin
Mohammad Aghaali
Anurag Agrawal
Keivan Ahmadi
Hamid Ahmadieh
Muktar Beshir Ahmed
Ziyad Al-Aly
Khurshid Alam
Tahiya Alam
Fahad Mashhour Alanezi
Turki M Alanzi
Jacqueline Elizabeth Alcalde-Rabanal
Muhammad Ali
Gianfranco Alicandro
Mehran Alijanzadeh
Cyrus Alinia
Vahid Alipour
Hesam Alizade
Syed Mohamed Aljunid
Peter Allebeck
Majid Abdulrahman Hamad Almadi
Amir Almasi-Hashiani
Hesham M Al-Mekhlafi
Khalid A Altirkawi
Arwa Khalid Alumran
Nelson Alvis-Guzman
Mostafa Amini-Rarani
Arya Aminorroaya
Arianna Maever L Amit
Robert Ancuceanu
Catalina Liliana Andrei
Sofia Androudi
Colin Angus
Mina Anjomshoa
Fereshteh Ansari
Iman Ansari
Alireza Ansari-Moghaddam
Carl Abelardo T Antonio
Catherine M Antony
Davood Anvari
Seth Christopher Yaw Appiah
Jalal Arabloo
Morteza Arab-Zozani
Aleksandr Y Aravkin
Olatunde Aremu
Johan Arnlov
Krishna K Aryal
Ali A Asadi-Pooya
Samaneh Asgari
Mohammad Asghari Jafarabadi
Madhu Sudhan Atteraya
Marcel Ausloos
Leticia Avila-Burgos
Euripide Frinel Gbenato Arthur Avokpaho
Beatriz Paulina Ayala Quintanilla
Getinet Ayano
Martin Amogre Ayanore
Ghasem Azarian
Ebrahim Babaee
Ashish D Badiye
Eleni Bagli
Mohammad Amin Bahrami
Ahad Bakhtiari
Shelly Balassyano
Maciej Banach
Palash Chandra Banik
Suzanne Lyn Barker-Collo
Till Winfried Barnighausen
Akbar Barzegar
Sanjay Basu
Bernhard T Baune
Mohsen Bayati
Gholamreza Bazmandegan
Neeraj Bedi
Michellr L Bell
Derrick A Bennett
Isabela M Bensenor
Kidanemaryam Berhe
Adam E Berman
Gregory J Bertolacci
Reshmi Bhageerathy
Neeraj Bhala
Krittika Bhattacharyya
Zulfiqar A Bhutta
Ali Bijani
Antonio Biondi
Donal Bisanzio
Catherine Bisignano
Raaj Kishore Biswas
Tone Bjrge
Somayeh Bohlouli
Mehdi Bohluli
Srinivasa Rao Rao Bolla
Antonio Maria Borzi
Shiva Borzouei
Oliver J Brady
Dejana Braithwaite
Michael Brauer
Andrey Nikolaevich Briko
Nikolay Ivanovich Briko
Blair R Bumgarner
Sharath Burugina Nagaraja
Zahid A Butt
Florentino Luciano Caetano dos Santos
Tianji Cai
Charlton SKH Callender
Luis LA Alberto Camera
Ismael R Campos-Nonato
Rosario Cardenas
Giulia Carreras
Juan J Carrero
Felix Carvalho
Joao Mauricio Castaldelli-Maia
Giulio Castelpietra
Franz Castro
Ferran Catala-Lopez
Christopher R Cederroth
Ester Cerin
Vijay Kumar Chattu
Ken Lee Chin
Dinh-Toi Chu
Liliana G Ciobanu
Massimo Cirillo
Haley Comfort
Vera Marisa Costa
Richard G Cowden
Elizabeth A Cromwell
Andrew J Croneberger
Matthew Cunningham
Saad MA Dahlawi
Giovanni Damiani
Emanuele D'Amico
Lalit Dandona
Rakhi Dandona
Paul I Dargan
Aso Mohammad Darwesh
Ahmad Daryani
Rajat Das Gupta
Jose das Neves
Kairat Davletov
Diego De Leo
Edgar Denova-Gutierrez
Kebede Deribe
Nikolaos Dervenis
Rupak Desai
Govinda Prasad Dhungana
Diana Dias da Silva
Daniel Diaz
Ilse N Dippenaar
Shirin Djalalinia
Hoa Thi Do
Klara Dokova
David Teye Doku
Fariba Dorostkar
Chirag P Doshi
Leila Doshmangir
Kerrie E Doyle
Eleonora Dubljanin
Andre Rodrigues Duraes
David Edvardsson
Andem Effiong
Iman El Sayed
Maha El Tantawi
Iffat Elbarazi
Shaimaa I El-Jaafary
Mohammad Hassan Emamian
Sharareh Eskandarieh
Firooz Esmaeilzadeh
Kara Estep
Mohammad Farahmand
Anwar Faraj
Mohammad Fareed
Roghiyeh Faridnia
Andre Faro
Farshad Farzadfar
Nazir Fattahi
Ali Akbar Fazaeli
Mehdi Fazlzadeh
Valery L Feigin
Seyed-Mohammad Fereshtehnejad
Eduarda Fernandes
Manuela L Ferreira
Irina Filip
Florian Fischer
Carsten Flohr
Nataliya A Foigt
Morenike Oluwatoyin Folayan
Artem Alekseevich Fomenkov
Marisa Freitas
Takeshi Fukumoto
John E Fuller
Joao M Furtado
Mohamed M Gad
Emmanuela Gakidou
Silvano Gallus
Abiyu Mekonnen Gebrehiwot
Ketema Bizuwork Gebremedhin
Peter W Gething
Farhad Ghamari
Ahmad Ghashghaee
Asadollah Gholamian
Syed Amir Gilani
Mojgan Gitimoghaddam
Ekaterina Vladimirovna Glushkova
Elena V Gnedovskaya
Sameer Vali Gopalani
Alessandra C Goulart
Harish Chander Gugnani
Yuming Guo
Rajeev Gupta
Subodh Sharan Gupta
Juanita A Haagsma
Arvin Haj-Mirzaian
Arya Haj-Mirzaian
Iman Halvaei
Randah R Hamadeh
Kanaan Hamagharib Abdullah
Chieh Han
Demelash Woldeyohannes Handiso
Graeme J Hankey
Hamidreza Haririan
Josep Maria Haro
Ahmed I Hasaballah
Soheil Hassanipour
Hadi Hassankhani
Simon I Hay
Behzad Heibati
Reza Heidari-Soureshjani
Kiana Henny
Nathaniel J Henry
Claudiu Herteliu
Fatemeh Heydarpour
Michael K Hole
Praveen Hoogar
H Dean Hosgood
Naznin Hossain
Mehdi Hosseinzadeh
Mihaela Hostiuc
Sorin Hostiuc
Mowafa Househ
Damian G Hoy
Guoqing Hu
Tanvir M Huda
Segun Emmanuel Ibitoye
Kevin S Ikuta
Olayinka Stephen Ilesanmi
Irena M Ilic
Milena D Ilic
Mohammad Hasan Imani-Nasab
MdMohaimenul Islam
Hiroyasu Iso
Chinwe Juliana Iwu
Jalil Jaafari
Kathryn H Jacobsen
Deepa Jahagirdar
Nader Jahanmehr
Amir Jalali
Farzad Jalilian
Spencer L James
Hosna Janjani
Ensiyeh Jenabi
Ravi Prakash Jha
Vivekanand Jha
John S Ji
Jost B Jonas
Farahnaz Joukar
Jacek Jerzy Jozwiak
Mikk Jurisson
Zubair Kabir
Hamed Kalani
Leila R Kalankesh
Zahra Kamiab
Tanuj Kanchan
Neeti Kapoor
Andre Karch
Salah Eddin Karimi
Seyed Asaad Karimi
Nicholas J Kassebaum
Srinivasa Vittal Katikireddi
Norito Kawakami
Gbenga A Kayode
Peter Njenga Keiyoro
Cathleen Keller
Yousef Saleh Khader
Nauman Khalid
Ejaz Ahmad Khan
Maseer Khan
Young-Ho Khang
Amir M Khater
Mona M Khater
Salman Khazaei
Habibolah Khazaie
Mohammad Taghi Khodayari
Jagdish Khubchandani
Neda Kianipour
Cho-il Kim
Young-Eun Kim
Yun Jin Kim
Yohannes Kinfu
Adnan Kisa
Sezer Kisa
Katarzyna Kissimova-Skarbek
Mika Kivimaki
Hamidreza Komaki
Jacek A Kopec
Soewarta Kosen
Parvaiz A Koul
Ai Koyanagi
Michael A Kravchenko
Kewal Krishan
Kris J Krohn
Barthelemy Kuate Defo
G Anil Kumar
Manasi Kumar
Pushpendra Kumar
Vivek Kumar
Dian Kusuma
Hmwe Hmwe Kyu
Carlo La Vecchia
Ben Lacey
Dharmesh Kumar Lal
Ratilal Lalloo
Faris Hasan Lami
Sonia Lansky
Samantha Leigh Larson
Anders O Larsson
Savita Lasrado
Zohra S Lassi
Jeffrey V Lazarus
Paul H Lee
Shaun Wen Huey Lee
Andrew T Leever
Kate E LeGrand
Matilde Leonardi
Shanshan Li
Lee-Ling Lim
Stephen S Lim
Shai Linn
Rakesh Lodha
Giancarlo Logroscino
Alan D Lopez
Platon D Lopukhov
Paulo A Lotufo
Rafael Lozano
Alton Lu
Raimundas Lunevicius
Mohammed Madadin
Emilie R Maddison
Hassan Magdy Abd El Razek
Muhammed Magdy Abd El Razek
Phetole Walter Mahasha
Mokhtar Mahdavi Mahdavi
Reza Malekzadeh
Abdullah A Mamun
Navid Manafi
Fariborz Mansour-Ghanaei
Borhan Mansouri
Mohammad Ali Mansournia
Chabila Christopher Mapoma
Santi Martini
Francisco Rogerlandio Martins-Melo
Anthony Masaka
Claudia I Mastrogiacomo
Manu Raj Mathur
Erin A May
Colm McAlinden
John J McGrath
Martin McKee
Man Mohan Mehndiratta
Fereshteh Mehri
Kala M Mehta
Wahengbam Bigyananda Meitei
Peter TN Memiah
Walter Mendoza
Ritesh G Menezes
Endalkachew Worku Mengesha
George A Mensah
Atte Meretoja
Tuomo J Meretoja
Tomislav Mestrovic
Irmina Maria Michalek
Kebadnew Mulatu Mihretie
Ted R Miller
Edward J Mills
George J Milne
Erkin M Mirrakhimov
Hamed Mirzaei
Maryam Mirzaei
Mehdi Mirzaei-Alavijeh
Awoke Temesgen Misganaw
Babak Moazen
Masoud Moghadaszadeh
Efat Mohamadi
Dara K Mohammad
Yousef Mohammad
Naser Mohammad Gholi Mezerji
Abolfazl Mohammadbeigi
Abdollah Mohammadian-Hafshejani
Reza Mohammadpourhodki
Hussen Mohammed
Shafiu Mohammed
Farnam Mohebi
Mohammad A Mohseni Bandpei
Amin Mokari
Ali H Mokdad
Natalie C Momen
Lorenzo Monasta
Meghan D Mooney
Ghobad Moradi
Masoud Moradi
Mohammad Moradi-Joo
Maziar Moradi-Lakeh
Rahmatollah Moradzadeh
Paula Moraga
Ilais Moreno Velasquez
Joana Morgado-da-Costa
Shane Douglas Morrison
Jonathan F Mosser
Simin Mouodi
Seyyed Meysam Mousavi
Amin Mousavi Khaneghah
Ulrich Otto Mueller
Kamarul Imran Musa
Saravanan Muthupandian
Behnam Nabavizadeh
Mehdi Naderi
Ahamarshan Jayaraman Nagarajan
Mohsen Naghavi
Behshad Naghshtabrizi
Gurudatta Naik
Farid Najafi
Vinay Nangia
Jobert Richie Nansseu
Duduzile Edith Ndwandwe
Ionut Negoi
Ruxandra Irina Negoi
Josephine W Ngunjiri
Huong Lan Thi Nguyen
Trang Huyen Nguyen
Yeshambel T Nigatu
Rajan Nikbakhsh
Amin Reza Nikpoor
Molly R Nixon
Chukwudi A Nnaji
Shuhei Nomura
Jean Jacques Noubiap
Soraya Nouraei Motlagh
Christoph Nowak
Adrian Otoiu
Christopher M Odell
In-Hwan Oh
Morteza Oladnabi
Andrew T Olagunju
Bolajoko Olubukunola Olusanya
Jacob Olusegun Olusanya
Ahmed Omar Bali
Kanyin L Ong
Obinna E Onwujekwe
Alberto Ortiz
Nikita Otstavnov
Stanislav S Otstavnov
Simon Overland
Mayowa O Owolabi
P A Mahesh
Jagadish Rao Padubidri
Keyvan Pakshir
Raffaele Palladino
Adrian Pana
Songhomitra Panda-Jonas
James Park
Deepak Kumar Pasupula
Jenil R Patel
Sangram Kishor Patel
George C Patton
Katherine R Paulson
Hamidreza Pazoki Toroudi
Spencer A Pease
Amy E Peden
Veincent Christian Filipino Pepito
Emmanuel K Peprah
Alexandre Pereira
David M Pereira
Norberto Perico
David M Pigott
Thomas Pilgrim
Tessa M Pilz
Michael A Piradov
Meghdad Pirsaheb
Khem Narayan Pokhrel
Maarten J Postma
Hadi Pourjafar
Farshad Pourmalek
Akram Pourshams
Anna Poznanska
Sergio I Prada
Sanjay Prakash
Liliana Preotescu
Zahiruddin Quazi Syed
Mohammad Rabiee
Navid Rabiee
Amir Radfar
Alireza Rafiei
Alberto Raggi
Muhammad Aziz Rahman
Ali Rajabpour-Sanati
Pradhum Ram
Chhabi Lal Ranabhat
Sowmya J Rao
Davide Rasella
Vahid Rashedi
Prateek Rastogi
Priya Rathi
Lal Rawal
Giuseppe Remuzzi
Vishnu Renjith
Andre MN Renzaho
Serge Resnikoff
Nima Rezaei
Mohammad sadegh Rezai
Aziz Rezapour
Jennifer Rickard
Leonardo Roever
Luca Ronfani
Gholamreza Roshandel
Morteza Rostamian
Enrico Rubagotti
Godfrey M Rwegerera
Siamak Sabour
Basema Saddik
Ehsan Sadeghi
Masoumeh Sadeghi
Sahar Saeedi Moghaddam
Yahya Safari
Sare Safi
Saeid Safiri
Rajesh Sagar
Amirhossein Sahebkar
Mohammad Ali Sahraian
S Mohammad Sajadi
Mohammad Reza Salahshoor
Joseph S Salama
Payman Salamati
Marwa R Rashad Salem
Yahya Salimi
Joshua A Salomon
Inbal Salz
Zainab Samad
Abdallah M Samy
Juan Sanabria
Milena M Santric-Milicevic
Sivan Yegnanarayana Iyer Saraswathy
Benn Sartorius
Arash Sarveazad
Brijesh Sathian
Thirunavukkarasu Sathish
Davide Sattin
Mete Saylan
Lauren E Schaeffer
Silvia Schiavolin
David C Schwebel
Falk Schwendicke
Mario Sekerija
Anbissa Muleta Senbeta
Subramanian Senthilkumaran
Sadaf G Sepanlou
Edson Servan-Mori
Mahsima Shabani
Saeed Shahabi
Mohammad Shahbaz
Amira A Shaheen
Masood Ali Shaikh
Ali S Shalash
Mehran Shams-Beyranvand
MohammadBagher Shamsi
Morteza Shamsizadeh
Mohammed Shannawaz
Kiomars Sharafi
Zeinab Sharafi
Fablina Sharara
Rajesh Sharma
David H Shaw
Aziz Sheikh
Jae Il Shin
Rahman Shiri
Mark G Shrime
Kerem Shuval
Soraya Siabani
Inga Dora Sigfusdottir
Rannveig Sigurvinsdottir
Diego Augusto Santos Silva
Biagio Simonetti
Kyle E Simpson
Jasvinder A Singh
Eirini Skiadaresi
Valentin Yurievich Skryabin
Amin Soheili
Anton Sokhan
Reed JD Sorensen
Joan B Soriano
Muluken Bekele Sorrie
Ireneous N Soyiri
Emma Elizabeth Spurlock
Chandrashekhar T Sreeramareddy
Leo Stockfelt
Mark A Stokes
Jacob L Stubbs
Agus Sudaryanto
Mu'awiyyah Babale Sufiyan
Rizwan Suliankatchi Abdulkader
Bryan L Sykes
Rafael Tabares-Seisdedos
Karen M Tabb
Santosh Kumar Tadakamadla
Amir Taherkhani
Muming Tang
Nuno Taveira
Heather Jean Taylor
Whitney L Teagle
Arash Tehrani-Banihashemi
Berhane Fseha Teklehaimanot
Zemenu Tadesse Tessema
Kavumpurathu Raman Thankappan
Nihal Thomas
Amanda G Thrift
Mariya Vladimirovna Titova
Hamid Reza Tohidinik
Marcello Tonelli
Roman Topor-Madry
Fotis Topouzis
Marcos Roberto Roberto Tovani-Palone
Eugenio Traini
Bach Xuan Tran
Ravensara Travillian
Sergi Trias-Llimos
Thomas Clement Truelsen
Lorainne Tudor Car
Bhaskaran Unnikrishnan
Era Upadhyay
Marco Vacante
Alireza Vakilian
Pascual R Valdez
Alessandro Valli
Constantine Vardavas
Tommi Juhani Vasankari
Ana Maria Nogales Vasconcelos
Yasser Vasseghian
Yousef Veisani
Narayanaswamy Venketasubramanian
Simone Vidale
Francesco S Violante
Vasily Vlassov
Stein Emil Vollset
Theo Vos
Isidora S Vujcic
Ana Vukovic
Rade Vukovic
Yasir Waheed
Mitchell Taylor Wallin
Magdalene K Walters
Hongbo Wang
Yuan-Pang Wang
Stefanie Watson
Jingkai Wei
Jordan Weiss
Girmay Teklay Weldesamuel
Andrea Werdecker
Ronny Westerman
Harvey A Whiteford
Taweewat Wiangkham
Kirsten E Wiens
Tissa Wijeratne
Charles Shey Wiysonge
Bogdan Wojtyniak
Charles DA Wolfe
Adam Belay Wondmieneh
Eve E Wool
Ai-Min Wu
Junjie Wu
Gelin Xu
Tomohide Yamada
Kazumasa Yamagishi
Yuichiro Yano
Sanni Yaya
Vahid Yazdi-Feyzabadi
Jamal A Yearwood
Tomas Y Yeheyis
Christopher Sabo Yilgwan
Paul Yip
Naohiro Yonemoto
Seok-Jun Yoon
Javad Yoosefi Lebni
Hunter W York
Mustafa Z Younis
Theodore Patrick Younker
Zabihollah Yousefi
Taraneh Yousefinezhadi
Abdilahi Yousuf Yousuf
Hasan Yusefzadeh
Telma Zahirian Moghadam
Josefina Zakzuk
Sojib Bin Zaman
Mohammad Zamani
Maryam Zamanian
Hamed Zandian
Zhi-Jiang Zhang
Peng Zheng
Maigeng Zhou
Arash Ziapour
Christopher JL Murray
Identifiers: 9915146308331
Academic Unit: Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University; Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU); University of Jeddah; King Abdulaziz University; King Abdullah University of Science & Technology; King Saud University; Jazan University
Language: English
Resource Type: Journal article