Global, regional, and national burden of hepatitis B, 1990-2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Brittney S. Sheena; Lindsey Hiebert; Hannah Han; Helen Ippolito; Mohsen Abbasi-Kangevari; Zeinab Abbasi-Kangevari; Hedayat Abbastabar; Amir Abdoli; Hiwa Abubaker Ali; Mesafint Molla Adane; Oyelola A. Adegboye; Qorinah Estiningtyas Sakilah Adnani; Shailesh M. Advani; Muhammad Sohail Afzal; Saira Afzal; Mohamad Aghaie Meybodi; Bahman Ahadinezhad; Bright Opoku Ahinkorah; Sajjad Ahmad; Tauseef Ahmad; Sepideh Ahmadi; Haroon Ahmed; Muktar Beshir Ahmed; Tarik Ahmed Rashid; Gizachew Taddesse Akalu; Addis Aklilu; Tayyaba Akram; Hanadi Al Hamad; Fares Alahdab; Adugnaw Zeleke Alem; Dejene Tsegaye Alem; Fadwa Alhalaiqa Naji Alhalaiqa; Robert Kaba Alhassan; Liaqat Ali; Muhammad Ashar Ali; Yousef Alimohamadi; Vahid Alipour; Motasem Alkhayyat; Sami Almustanyir; Rajaa M. Al-Raddadi; Haya Altawalah; Saeed Amini; Hubert Amu; Robert Ancuceanu; Catalina Liliana Andrei; Tudorel Andrei; Amir Anoushiravani; Adnan Ansar; Anayochukwu Edward Anyasodor; Jalal Arabloo; Morteza Arab-Zozani; Ayele Mamo Argaw; Zeleke Gebru Argaw; Muhammad Arshad; Anton A. Artamonov; Tahira Ashraf; Daniel Atlaw; Floriane Ausloos; Marcel Ausloos; Sina Azadnajafabad; Mohammadreza Azangou-Khyavy; Amirhossein Azari Jafari; Ghasem Azarian; Sayna Bagheri; Saeed Bahadory; Atif Amin Baig; Maciej Banach; Nastaran Barati; Amadou Barrow; Abdul-Monim Mohammad Batiha; Diana Fernanda Bejarano Ramirez; Uzma Iqbal Belgaumi; Alemshet Yirga Berhie; Devidas S. Bhagat; Nikha Bhardwaj; Pankaj Bhardwaj; Krittika Bhattacharyya; Vijayalakshmi S. Bhojaraja; Ali Bijani; Antonio Biondi; Belay Boda Abule Bodicha; Hunduma Amensisa Bojia; Archith Boloor; Cristina Bosetti; Dejana Braithwaite; Nikolay Ivanovich Briko; Zahid A. Butt; Luis Alberto Camera; Raja Chandra Chakinala; Promit Ananyo Chakraborty; Jaykaran Charan; Shu Chen; Jee-Young Jasmine Choi; Sonali Gajanan Choudhari; Fazle Rabbi Chowdhury; Dinh-Toi Chu; Sheng-Chia Chung; Paolo Angelo Cortesi; Benjamin C. Cowie; Garland T. Culbreth; Omid Dadras; Xiaochen Dai; Lalit Dandona; Rakhi Dandona; Fernando Pio De la Hoz; Sisay Abebe Debela; Mohammed Gebre Dedefo; Feleke Mekonnen Demeke; Takele Gezahegn G. Demie; Getu Debalkie Demissie; Meseret Derbew Molla; Abebaw Alemayehu Desta; Deepak Dhamnetiya; Mandira Lamichhane Dhimal; Meghnath Dhimal; Mojtaba Didehdar; Linh Phuong Doan; Fariba Dorostkar; Thomas M. Drake; Fatemeh Eghbalian; Michael Ekholuenetale; Iman El Sayed; Maysaa El Sayed Zaki; Muhammed Elhadi; Mohamed A. Elmonem; Aisha Elsharkawy; Shymaa Enany; Daniel Berhanie Enyew; Ryenchindorj Erkhembayar; Sharareh Eskandarieh; Firooz Esmaeilzadeh; Sayeh Ezzikouri; Hossein Farrokhpour; Getahun Fetensa; Florian Fischer; Masoud Foroutan; Mohamed M. Gad; Abhay Motiramji Gaidhane; Shilpa Gaidhane; Natalie C. Galles; Silvano Gallus; Teferi Gebru Gebremeskel; Eyob Alemayehu Gebreyohannes; Keyghobad Ghadiri; Kazem Ghaffari; Mansour Ghafourifard; Seyyed-Hadi Ghamari; Ahmad Ghashghaee; Ali Gholami; Abdolmajid Gholizadeh; Aima Gilani; Amit Goel; Mahaveer Golechha; Pouya Goleij; Davide Golinelli; Giuseppe Gorini; Yitayal Ayalew Goshu; Max G. Griswold; Mohammed Ibrahim Mohialdeen Gubari; Bhawna Gupta; Sapna Gupta; Veer Bala Gupta; Vivek Kumar Gupta; Rasool Haddadi; Rabih Halwani; Saeed S. Hamid; Samer Hamidi; Asif Hanif; Shafiul Haque; Harapan Harapan; Arief Hargono; Sanam Hariri; Ahmed Hasaballah; S. M. Mahmudul Hasan; Soheil Hassanipour; Hadi Hassankhani; Simon Hay; Khezar Hayat; Golnaz Heidari; Claudiu Herteliu; Demisu Zenbaba Heyi; Kamal Hezam; Ramesh Holla; Mohammad-Salar Hosseini; Mostafa Hosseini; Mehdi Hosseinzadeh; Mihaela Hostiuc; Mowafa Househ; Junjie Huang; Nawfal R. Hussein; Ivo Iavicoli; Segun Emmanuel Ibitoye; Olayinka Stephen Ilesanmi; Irena M. Ilic; Milena D. Ilic; Lalu Muhammad Irham; Jessica Y. Islam; Nahlah Elkudssiah Ismail; Kathryn H. Jacobsen; Farhad Jadidi-Niaragh; Amirreza Javadi Mamaghani; Shubha Jayaram; Ranil Jayawardena; Rime Jebai; Ravi Prakash Jha; Nitin Joseph; Farahnaz Joukar; Billingsley Kaambwa; Ali Kabir; Zubair Kabir; Rohollah Kalhor; Himal Kandel; Tesfaye K. Tesfaye Kanko; Rami S. Kantar; Ibraheem M. Karaye; Bekalu Getnet Kassa; Phillip M. Kemp Bohan; Mohammad Keykhaei; Yousef Saleh Khader; Himanshu Khajuria; Gulfaraz Khan; Imteyaz A. Khan; Junaid Khan; Moien Ab Khan; Javad Khanali; Amir M. Khater; Mahalaqua Nazli Khatib; Mahmoud Khodadost; Abdullah T. Khoja; Omid Khosravizadeh; Jagdish Khubchandani; Gyu Ri Kim; Hanna Kim; Min Seo Kim; Yun Jin Kim; Jonathan M. Kocarnik; Ali-Asghar Kolahi; Rajasekaran Koteeswaran; G. Anil Kumar; Carlo La Vecchia; Dharmesh Kumar Lal; Ivan Landires; Savita Lasrado; Jeffrey Lazarus; Caterina Ledda; Doo Woong Lee; Sang-woong Lee; Yeong Yeh Lee; Miriam Levi; Jiarui Li; Stephen S. Lim; Stany W. Lobo; Platon D. Lopukhov; Joana A. Loureiro; Jennifer H. MacLachlan; Hassan Magdy Abd El Razek; Muhammed Magdy Abd El Razek; Azeem Majeed; Alaa Makki; Mohammad-Reza Malekpour; Reza Malekzadeh; Ahmad Azam Malik; Fariborz Mansour-Ghanaei; Mohammad Ali Mansournia; Francisco Rogerlandio Martins-Melo; Philippa C. Matthews; Walter Mendoza; Ritesh G. Menezes; Tuomo J. Meretoja; Amanual Getnet Mersha; Tomislav Mestrovic; Ted R. Miller; Le Huu Nhat Minh; Andreea Mirica; Seyyedmohammadsadeq Mirmoeeni; Erkin M. Mirrakhimov; Sanjeev Misra; Prasanna Mithra; Babak Moazen; Ashraf Mohamadkhani; Mokhtar Mohammadi; Shafiu Mohammed; Nagabhishek Moka; Ali H. Mokdad; Jalal Moludi; Sara Momtazmanesh; Lorenzo Monasta; Ghobad Moradi; Maliheh Moradzadeh; Rahmatollah Moradzadeh; Paula Moraga; Ebrahim Mostafavi; Sumaira Mubarik; Malaisamy Muniyandi; Christopher J. L. Murray; Mohsen Naghavi; Mukhammad David Naimzada; Sreenivas Narasimha Swamy; Zuhair S. Natto; Biswa Prakash Nayak; Javad Nazari; Ionut Negoi; Serban Mircea Negru; Seyed Aria Nejadghaderi; Sandhya Neupane Kandel; Huong Lan Thi Nguyen; Che Henry Ngwa; Robina Khan Niazi; Chukwudi A. Nnaji; Jean Jacques Noubiap; Ali Nowroozi; Virginia Nunez-Samudio; Bogdan Oancea; Chimedsuren Ochir; Oluwakemi Ololade Odukoya; In-Hwan Oh; Andrew T. Olagunju; Babayemi Oluwaseun Olakunde; Ahmed Omar Bali; Emad Omer; Stanislav S. Otstavnov; Bilcha Oumer; Jagadish Rao Padubidri; Adrian Pana; Anamika Pandey; Eun-Cheol Park; Fatemeh Pashazadeh Kan; Urvish K. Patel; Uttam Paudel; Ionela-Roxana Petcu; Zahra Zahid Piracha; Richard Charles G. Pollok; Maarten J. Postma; Akram Pourshams; Hossein Poustchi; Mohammad Rabiee; Navid Rabiee; Alireza Rafiei; Sima Rafiei; Pavan Manibettu Raghuram; Mosiur Rahman; Amir Masoud Rahmani; Setyaningrum Rahmawaty; Aashish Rajesh; Priyanga Ranasinghe; Chythra R. Rao; Sowmya J. Rao; Mahsa Rashidi; Mohammad-Mahdi Rashidi; David Laith Rawaf; Salman Rawaf; Reza Rawassizadeh; Negar Rezaei; Aziz Rezapour; Sahba Rezazadeh-Khadem; Jefferson Antonio Buendia Rodriguez; Godfrey M. Rwegerera; Siamak Sabour; Basema Saddik; Mohammad Reza Saeb; Umar Saeed; Amirhossein Sahebkar; Km Saif-Ur-Rahman; Sarvenaz Salahi; Hamideh Salimzadeh; Chethan Sampath; Abdallah M. Samy; Juan Sanabria; Francesco Sanmarchi; Milena M. Santric-Milicevic; Arash Sarveazad; Brijesh Sathian; Monika Sawhney; Abdul-Aziz Seidu; Sadaf G. Sepanlou; Allen Seylani; Saeed Shahabi; Masood Ali Shaikh; Elaheh Shaker; Murad Ziyaudinovich Shakhmardanov; Mohammed Shannawaz; Suchitra M. Shenoy; Jeevan K. Shetty; Pavanchand H. Shetty; Kenji Shibuya; Jae Il Shin; Parnian Shobeiri; Migbar Mekonnen Sibhat; Achintya Dinesh Singh; Jasvinder A. Singh; Surjit Singh; Valentin Yurievich Skryabin; Anna Aleksandrovna Skryabina; Amir Ali Sohrabpour; Suhang Song; Seidamir Pasha Tabaeian; Eyayou Girma Tadesse; Majid Taheri; Mircea Tampa; Ker-Kan Tan; Ahmad Tavakoli; Abdelghani Tbakhi; Belay Negash Tefera; Arash Tehrani-Banihashemi; Habtamu Molla Tesfaw; Rekha Thapar; Aravind Thavamani; Seyed Abolfazl Tohidast; Daniel Nigusse Tollosa; Maria Elena Tosti; Marcos Roberto Tovani-Palone; Eugenio Traini; Mai Thi Ngoc Tran; Indang Trihandini; Biruk Shalmeno Tusa; Irfan Ullah; Marco Vacante; Sahel Valadan Tahbaz; Pascual R. Valdez; Shoban Babu Varthya; Bay Vo; Yasir Waheed; Adisu Birhanu Weldesenbet; Melat Woldemariam; Suowen Xu; Seyed Hossein Yahyazadeh Jabbari; Mehdi Yaseri; Yigizie Yeshaw; Vahit Yigit; Birhanu Wubale Yirdaw; Naohiro Yonemoto; Chuanhua Yu; Ismaeel Yunusa; Mazyar Zahir; Leila Zaki; Mohammad Zamani; Maryam Zamanian; Mikhail Sergeevich Zastrozhin; Theo Vos; John W. Ward; M. Ashworth Dirac

doi:10.1016/S2468-1253(22)00124-8

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Global, regional, and national burden of hepatitis B, 1990-2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

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Global, regional, and national burden of hepatitis B, 1990-2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Brittney S. Sheena, Lindsey Hiebert, Hannah Han, Helen Ippolito, Mohsen Abbasi-Kangevari, Zeinab Abbasi-Kangevari, Hedayat Abbastabar, Amir Abdoli, Hiwa Abubaker Ali, Mesafint Molla Adane, …

The lancet. Gastroenterology & hepatology, Vol.7(9), pp.796-829

01/09/2022

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S2468-1253(22)00124-8

PMID: 35738290

Abstract

Gastroenterology & Hepatology

Life Sciences & Biomedicine

Science & Technology

Background Combating viral hepatitis is part of the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), and WHO has put forth hepatitis B elimination targets in its Global Health Sector Strategy on Viral Hepatitis (WHO-GHSS) and Interim Guidance for Country Validation of Viral Hepatitis Elimination (WHO Interim Guidance). We estimated the global, regional, and national prevalence of hepatitis B virus (HBV), as well as mortality and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) due to HBV, as part of the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019. This included estimates for 194 WHO member states, for which we compared our estimates to WHO elimination targets. Methods The primary data sources were population-based serosurveys, claims and hospital discharges, cancer registries, vital registration systems, and published case series. We estimated chronic HBV infection and the burden of HBV-related diseases, defined as an aggregate of cirrhosis due to hepatitis B, liver cancer due to hepatitis B, and acute hepatitis B. We used DisMod-MR 2.1, a Bayesian mixed-effects meta-regression tool, to estimate the prevalence of chronic HBV infection, cirrhosis, and aetiological proportions of cirrhosis. We used mortality-to-incidence ratios modelled with spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression to estimate the incidence of liver cancer. We used the Cause of Death Ensemble modelling (CODEm) model, a tool that selects models and covariates on the basis of out-ofsample performance, to estimate mortality due to cirrhosis, liver cancer, and acute hepatitis B. Findings In 2019, the estimated global, all-age prevalence of chronic HBV infection was 4 center dot 1% (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 3 center dot 7 to 4 center dot 5), corresponding to 316 million (284 to 351) infected people. There was a 31 center dot 3% (29 center dot 0 to 33 center dot 9) decline in all-age prevalence between 1990 and 2019, with a more marked decline of 76 center dot 8% (76 center dot 2 to 77 center dot 5) in prevalence in children younger than 5 years. HBV-related diseases resulted in 555 000 global deaths (487 000 to 630 000) in 2019. The number of HBV-related deaths increased between 1990 and 2019 (by 5 center dot 9% [-5 center dot 6 to 19 center dot 2]) and between 2015 and 2019 (by 2 center dot 9% [-5 center dot 9 to 11 center dot 3]). By contrast, all-age and age-standardised death rates due to HBV-related diseases decreased during these periods. We compared estimates for 2019 in 194 WHO locations to WHO-GHSS 2020 targets, and found that four countries achieved a 10% reduction in deaths, 15 countries achieved a 30% reduction in new cases, and 147 countries achieved a 1% prevalence in children younger than 5 years. As of 2019, 68 of 194 countries had already achieved the 2030 target proposed in WHO Interim Guidance of an all-age HBV-related death rate of four per 100 000. Interpretation The prevalence of chronic HBV infection declined over time, particularly in children younger than 5 years, since the introduction of hepatitis B vaccination. HBV-related death rates also decreased, but HBV-related death counts increased as a result of population growth, ageing, and cohort effects. By 2019, many countries had met the interim seroprevalence target for children younger than 5 years, but few countries had met the WHO-GHSS interim targets for deaths and new cases. Progress according to all indicators must be accelerated to meet 2030 targets, and there are marked disparities in burden and progress across the world. HBV interventions, such as vaccination, testing, and treatment, must be strategically supported and scaled up to achieve elimination.

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Title: Global, regional, and national burden of hepatitis B, 1990-2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019
Creators - without role: Brittney S. Sheena - University of Washington
Lindsey Hiebert - Task Force Global Hlth, Coalit Global Hepatitis Eliminat, Decatur, GA USA
Hannah Han - University of Washington
Helen Ippolito - University of Washington
Mohsen Abbasi-Kangevari - Shahid Beheshti University
Zeinab Abbasi-Kangevari - Shahid Beheshti University
Hedayat Abbastabar - University of Tehran
Amir Abdoli - Jahrom University
Hiwa Abubaker Ali - Univ Human Dev, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq
Mesafint Molla Adane - Bahir Dar University
Oyelola A. Adegboye - James Cook University
Qorinah Estiningtyas Sakilah Adnani - College Station Medical Center
Shailesh M. Advani - Terasaki Inst Biomed Innovat, Los Angeles, CA USA
Muhammad Sohail Afzal - Univ Management & Technol, Dept Life Sci, Lahore, Pakistan
Saira Afzal - Mécanique et Engrenage Moderne
Mohamad Aghaie Meybodi - Rutgers State Univ, Dept Med, Newark, NJ USA
Bahman Ahadinezhad - College Station Medical Center
Bright Opoku Ahinkorah - University of Technology Sydney
Sajjad Ahmad - Abasyn University
Tauseef Ahmad - Southeast University
Sepideh Ahmadi - Shahid Beheshti University
Haroon Ahmed - COMSATS Inst Informat Technol, Dept Biosci, Islamabad, Pakistan
Muktar Beshir Ahmed - Jimma University
Tarik Ahmed Rashid - University of Kurdistan Hewler
Gizachew Taddesse Akalu - Millennium Engineering and Integration
Addis Aklilu - Arba Minch University
Tayyaba Akram - Supreme Council Of Health
Hanadi Al Hamad - College Station Medical Center
Fares Alahdab - Evidence
Adugnaw Zeleke Alem - University of Gondar
Dejene Tsegaye Alem - Debre Markos University
Fadwa Alhalaiqa Naji Alhalaiqa - Philadelphia Univ, Fac Nursing, Amman, Jordan
Robert Kaba Alhassan - Univ Hlth & Allied Sci, Inst Hlth Res, Ho, Ghana
Liaqat Ali - College Station Medical Center
Muhammad Ashar Ali - College Station Medical Center
Yousef Alimohamadi - University of Tehran
Vahid Alipour - College Station Medical Center
Motasem Alkhayyat - College Station Medical Center
Sami Almustanyir - Alfaisal University
Rajaa M. Al-Raddadi - King Abdulaziz University
Haya Altawalah - Kuwait University
Saeed Amini - College Station Medical Center
Hubert Amu - Univ Hlth & Allied Sci, Dept Populat & Behav Sci, Ho, Ghana
Robert Ancuceanu - College Station Medical Center
Catalina Liliana Andrei - College Station Medical Center
Tudorel Andrei - Bucharest Univ Econ Studies, Dept Stat & Econometr, Bucharest, Romania
Amir Anoushiravani - University of Tehran
Adnan Ansar - La Trobe University
Anayochukwu Edward Anyasodor - Charles Sturt University
Jalal Arabloo - College Station Medical Center
Morteza Arab-Zozani - College Station Medical Center
Ayele Mamo Argaw - Madda Walabu University
Zeleke Gebru Argaw - Arba Minch University
Muhammad Arshad - University of Peshawar
Anton A. Artamonov - Russian Acad Sci, Dept Biophys, Moscow, Russia
Tahira Ashraf - University of Lahore
Daniel Atlaw - Madda Walabu University
Floriane Ausloos - University of Liège
Marcel Ausloos - Bucharest Univ Econ Studies, Dept Stat & Econometr, Bucharest, Romania
Sina Azadnajafabad - University of Tehran
Mohammadreza Azangou-Khyavy - Shahid Beheshti University
Amirhossein Azari Jafari - Supreme Council Of Health
Ghasem Azarian - College Station Medical Center
Sayna Bagheri - University of Tehran
Saeed Bahadory - Tarbiat Modares University
Atif Amin Baig - Sultan Zainal Abidin University
Maciej Banach - College Station Medical Center
Nastaran Barati - College Station Medical Center
Amadou Barrow - University of the Gambia
Abdul-Monim Mohammad Batiha - Philadelphia Univ, Fac Nursing, Amman, Jordan
Diana Fernanda Bejarano Ramirez - Universidad El Bosque
Uzma Iqbal Belgaumi - College Station Medical Center
Alemshet Yirga Berhie - Bahir Dar University
Devidas S. Bhagat - Govt Inst Forens Sci, Dept Forens Chem, Aurangabad, Maharashtra, India
Nikha Bhardwaj - College Station Medical Center
Pankaj Bhardwaj - College Station Medical Center
Krittika Bhattacharyya - Natl Inst Biomed Genom, Dept Stat & Computat Genom, Kalyani, W Bengal, India
Vijayalakshmi S. Bhojaraja - University of Bahrain
Ali Bijani - College Station Medical Center
Antonio Biondi - University of Catania
Belay Boda Abule Bodicha - Arba Minch University
Hunduma Amensisa Bojia - Haramaya University
Archith Boloor - College Station Medical Center
Cristina Bosetti - Mario Negri Inst Pharmacol Res, Dept Oncol, Milan, Italy
Dejana Braithwaite - Univ Florida, Dept Epidemiol, Gainesville, FL USA
Nikolay Ivanovich Briko - Evidence
Zahid A. Butt - University of Waterloo
Luis Alberto Camera - College Station Medical Center
Raja Chandra Chakinala - Geisinger Hlth Syst, Hospitalist Dept, Danville, PA USA
Promit Ananyo Chakraborty - University of British Columbia
Jaykaran Charan - College Station Medical Center
Shu Chen - UNSW Sydney
Jee-Young Jasmine Choi - Seoul Natl Univ Hosp, Div Biomed Informat, Seoul, South Korea
Sonali Gajanan Choudhari - Mylan
Fazle Rabbi Chowdhury - College Station Medical Center
Dinh-Toi Chu - Supreme Council Of Health
Sheng-Chia Chung - UCL, Dept Hlth Informat, London, England
Paolo Angelo Cortesi - University of Milano-Bicocca
Benjamin C. Cowie - Peter Doherty Institute
Garland T. Culbreth - University of Washington
Omid Dadras - Kyoto University
Xiaochen Dai - University of Washington
Lalit Dandona - University of Washington
Rakhi Dandona - University of Washington
Fernando Pio De la Hoz - Univ Nacl Colombia, Dept Publ Hlth, Bogota, Colombia
Sisay Abebe Debela - Supreme Council Of Health
Mohammed Gebre Dedefo - Wollega University
Feleke Mekonnen Demeke - Bahir Dar University
Takele Gezahegn G. Demie - Millennium Engineering and Integration
Getu Debalkie Demissie - University of Gondar
Meseret Derbew Molla - University of Gondar
Abebaw Alemayehu Desta - University of Gondar
Deepak Dhamnetiya - College Station Medical Center
Mandira Lamichhane Dhimal - Policy Res Inst, Kathmandu, Nepal
Meghnath Dhimal - Nepal Hlth Res Council, Hlth Res Sect, Kathmandu, Nepal
Mojtaba Didehdar - Arak University
Linh Phuong Doan - Duy Tan University
Fariba Dorostkar - College Station Medical Center
Thomas M. Drake - University of Edinburgh
Fatemeh Eghbalian - College Station Medical Center
Michael Ekholuenetale - University of Ibadan
Iman El Sayed - Alexandria University
Maysaa El Sayed Zaki - Egyptian Univ Cairo, Minist Higher Educ & Sci Res, Reference Lab, Cairo, Egypt
Muhammed Elhadi - University of Tripoli
Mohamed A. Elmonem - Cairo University
Aisha Elsharkawy - Cairo University
Shymaa Enany - Suez Canal University
Daniel Berhanie Enyew - Haramaya University
Ryenchindorj Erkhembayar - College Station Medical Center
Sharareh Eskandarieh - University of Tehran
Firooz Esmaeilzadeh - College Station Medical Center
Sayeh Ezzikouri - Queen Saovabha Memorial Institute
Hossein Farrokhpour - University of Tehran
Getahun Fetensa - Wollega University
Florian Fischer - Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin
Masoud Foroutan - College Station Medical Center
Mohamed M. Gad - College Station Medical Center
Abhay Motiramji Gaidhane
Shilpa Gaidhane - Mylan
Natalie C. Galles - University of Washington
Silvano Gallus - Mario Negri Inst Pharmacol Res, Dept Environm Hlth Sci, Milan, Italy
Teferi Gebru Gebremeskel - Aksum University
Eyob Alemayehu Gebreyohannes - University of Gondar
Keyghobad Ghadiri - College Station Medical Center
Kazem Ghaffari - Arak University
Mansour Ghafourifard - College Station Medical Center
Seyyed-Hadi Ghamari - Shahid Beheshti University
Ahmad Ghashghaee - Supreme Council Of Health
Ali Gholami - Biostat
Abdolmajid Gholizadeh - College Station Medical Center
Aima Gilani - Afro Asian Inst, Dept Radiol Imaging Technol, Lahore, Pakistan
Amit Goel - College Station Medical Center
Mahaveer Golechha - Indian Inst Publ Hlth, Hlth Syst & Policy Res, Gandhinagar, India
Pouya Goleij - Sana Inst Higher Educ, Dept Genet, Sari, Iran
Davide Golinelli - University of Bologna
Giuseppe Gorini - Florence
Yitayal Ayalew Goshu - Debre Tabor University
Max G. Griswold - University of Washington
Mohammed Ibrahim Mohialdeen Gubari - College Station Medical Center
Bhawna Gupta - Torrens Univ, Dept Publ Hlth, Melbourne, Vic, Australia
Sapna Gupta - Shriram Inst Ind Res, Toxicol Dept, Delhi, India
Veer Bala Gupta - Deakin University
Vivek Kumar Gupta - Macquarie University
Rasool Haddadi - College Station Medical Center
Rabih Halwani - University of Sharjah
Saeed S. Hamid - Aga Khan University
Samer Hamidi - Hamdan Bin Mohammed Smart University
Asif Hanif - University of Lahore
Shafiul Haque - Jazan University
Harapan Harapan - Syiah Kuala University
Arief Hargono - Airlangga University
Sanam Hariri - University of Tehran
Ahmed Hasaballah - Al Azhar Univ, Dept Zool & Entomol, Cairo, Egypt
S. M. Mahmudul Hasan - University of Dhaka
Soheil Hassanipour - College Station Medical Center
Hadi Hassankhani - Supreme Council Of Health
Simon Hay - University of Washington
Khezar Hayat - Univ Vet & Anim Sci, Inst Pharmaceut Sci, Lahore, Pakistan
Golnaz Heidari
Claudiu Herteliu - Bucharest Univ Econ Studies, Dept Stat & Econometr, Bucharest, Romania
Demisu Zenbaba Heyi - Madda Walabu University
Kamal Hezam - Taiz University
Ramesh Holla - College Station Medical Center
Mohammad-Salar Hosseini
Mostafa Hosseini - University of Tehran
Mehdi Hosseinzadeh - University of Tehran
Mihaela Hostiuc - College Station Medical Center
Mowafa Househ - Hamad bin Khalifa University
Junjie Huang - Chinese University of Hong Kong
Nawfal R. Hussein - University of Zakho
Ivo Iavicoli - University of Naples Federico II
Segun Emmanuel Ibitoye - University of Ibadan
Olayinka Stephen Ilesanmi - University of Ibadan
Irena M. Ilic - University of Belgrade
Milena D. Ilic - University of Kragujevac
Lalu Muhammad Irham - Supreme Council Of Health
Jessica Y. Islam - H Lee Moffitt Canc Ctr & Res Inst, Tampa, FL USA
Nahlah Elkudssiah Ismail - Mahsa University
Kathryn H. Jacobsen - University of Richmond
Farhad Jadidi-Niaragh - College Station Medical Center
Amirreza Javadi Mamaghani - Shahid Beheshti University
Shubha Jayaram - College Station Medical Center
Ranil Jayawardena - University of Colombo
Rime Jebai - Florida Int Univ, Dept Epidemiol, Miami, FL USA
Ravi Prakash Jha - College Station Medical Center
Nitin Joseph - College Station Medical Center
Farahnaz Joukar - College Station Medical Center
Billingsley Kaambwa - Flinders University
Ali Kabir - College Station Medical Center
Zubair Kabir - Supreme Council Of Health
Rohollah Kalhor - College Station Medical Center
Himal Kandel - University of Sydney
Tesfaye K. Tesfaye Kanko - Arba Minch University
Rami S. Kantar - Univ Maryland, Dept Surg, Baltimore, MD USA
Ibraheem M. Karaye - Hofstra University
Bekalu Getnet Kassa - Debre Tabor University
Phillip M. Kemp Bohan - Brooke
Mohammad Keykhaei - University of Tehran
Yousef Saleh Khader - Jordan Univ Sci & Technol, Dept Publ Hlth, Irbid, Jordan
Himanshu Khajuria - Amity Univ, Amity Inst Forens Sci, Noida, India
Gulfaraz Khan - United Arab Emirates University
Imteyaz A. Khan - Rutgers State Univ, Dept Pediat, New Brunswick, NJ USA
Junaid Khan - Int Inst Populat Sci, Dept Populat Studies, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
Moien Ab Khan - United Arab Emirates University
Javad Khanali - Shahid Beheshti University
Amir M. Khater - Cairo University
Mahalaqua Nazli Khatib - Evidence
Mahmoud Khodadost - College Station Medical Center
Abdullah T. Khoja - Imam Mohammad ibn Saud Islamic University
Omid Khosravizadeh - College Station Medical Center
Jagdish Khubchandani - New Mexico State University
Gyu Ri Kim - Yonsei University
Hanna Kim - Ewha Womans University
Min Seo Kim - Samsung Adv Inst Hlth Sci & Technol, Dept Genom & Digital Hlth, Seoul, South Korea
Yun Jin Kim - Xiamen University Malaysia
Jonathan M. Kocarnik - University of Washington
Ali-Asghar Kolahi - Shahid Beheshti University
Rajasekaran Koteeswaran - Supreme Council Of Health
G. Anil Kumar - Publ Hlth Fdn India, Gurugram, India
Carlo La Vecchia - University of Milan
Dharmesh Kumar Lal - Publ Hlth Fdn India, Gurugram, India
Ivan Landires - College Station Medical Center
Savita Lasrado
Jeffrey Lazarus - Barcelona Inst Global Hlth, Barcelona, Spain
Caterina Ledda - University of Catania
Doo Woong Lee - Yonsei University
Sang-woong Lee - Gachon University
Yeong Yeh Lee - College Station Medical Center
Miriam Levi - Florence
Jiarui Li - College Station Medical Center
Stephen S. Lim - University of Washington
Stany W. Lobo - College Station Medical Center
Platon D. Lopukhov - Evidence
Joana A. Loureiro - Universidade do Porto
Jennifer H. MacLachlan - Peter Doherty Institute
Hassan Magdy Abd El Razek - Egypt Minist Hlth & Populat, Radiol Dept, Mansoura, Egypt
Muhammed Magdy Abd El Razek - Minist Hlth & Populat, Ophthalmol Dept, Aswan, Egypt
Azeem Majeed - Imperial Coll London, Dept Primary Care & Publ Hlth, London, England
Alaa Makki - University of Sharjah
Mohammad-Reza Malekpour
Reza Malekzadeh - University of Tehran
Ahmad Azam Malik - King Abdulaziz University
Fariborz Mansour-Ghanaei - College Station Medical Center
Mohammad Ali Mansournia - University of Tehran
Francisco Rogerlandio Martins-Melo - Federal Reserve
Philippa C. Matthews - University of Oxford
Walter Mendoza - United Nations
Ritesh G. Menezes - Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University
Tuomo J. Meretoja - Helsinki Univ Hosp, Breast Surg Unit, Helsinki, Finland
Amanual Getnet Mersha - University of Gondar
Tomislav Mestrovic - Dr Zora Profoz Polyclin, Clin Microbiol & Parasitol Unit, Zagreb, Croatia
Ted R. Miller - Pacific Inst Res & Evaluat, Calverton, MD USA
Le Huu Nhat Minh - College Station Medical Center
Andreea Mirica - Bucharest Univ Econ Studies, Dept Stat & Econometr, Bucharest, Romania
Seyyedmohammadsadeq Mirmoeeni - Supreme Council Of Health
Erkin M. Mirrakhimov - College Station Medical Center
Sanjeev Misra - College Station Medical Center
Prasanna Mithra - College Station Medical Center
Babak Moazen - Heidelberg Univ, Heidelberg Inst Global Hlth, Heidelberg, Germany
Ashraf Mohamadkhani - University of Tehran
Mokhtar Mohammadi - Lebanese French University
Shafiu Mohammed - Ahmadu Bello University
Nagabhishek Moka - Appalachian Reg Healthcare, Oncol Dept, Lexington, KY USA
Ali H. Mokdad - University of Washington
Jalal Moludi - College Station Medical Center
Sara Momtazmanesh - University of Tehran
Lorenzo Monasta - Burlo Garofolo Inst Maternal & Child Hlth, Clin Epidemiol & Publ Hlth Res Unit, Trieste, Italy
Ghobad Moradi - College Station Medical Center
Maliheh Moradzadeh - Golestan University
Rahmatollah Moradzadeh - Arak University
Paula Moraga - King Abdullah Univ Sci & Technol, Elect Math Sci & Engn Div, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
Ebrahim Mostafavi - Stanford University
Sumaira Mubarik - Wuhan University
Malaisamy Muniyandi - Natl Inst Res TB, Hlth Econ Dept, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
Christopher J. L. Murray - University of Washington
Mohsen Naghavi - University of Washington
Mukhammad David Naimzada - Moscow Inst Phys & Technol, Lab Publ Hlth Indicators Anal & Hlth Digitalizat, Dolgoprudnyi, Russia
Sreenivas Narasimha Swamy - College Station Medical Center
Zuhair S. Natto - King Abdulaziz University
Biswa Prakash Nayak - Amity Univ, Amity Inst Forens Sci, Noida, India
Javad Nazari - Arak University
Ionut Negoi - College Station Medical Center
Serban Mircea Negru - Victor
Seyed Aria Nejadghaderi - Shahid Beheshti University
Sandhya Neupane Kandel - Estia Hlth Blakehurst, Estia Hlth, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Huong Lan Thi Nguyen - Duy Tan University
Che Henry Ngwa - University of Gothenburg
Robina Khan Niazi - Int Islamic Univ Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan
Chukwudi A. Nnaji - College Station Medical Center
Jean Jacques Noubiap - University of Adelaide
Ali Nowroozi - University of Tehran
Virginia Nunez-Samudio - College Station Medical Center
Bogdan Oancea - University of Bucharest
Chimedsuren Ochir - College Station Medical Center
Oluwakemi Ololade Odukoya - University of Lagos
In-Hwan Oh - Kyung Hee University
Andrew T. Olagunju - McMaster University
Babayemi Oluwaseun Olakunde - Natl AIDS Control Comm Community Prevent & Care S, Abuja, Nigeria
Ahmed Omar Bali - Univ Human Dev, Diplomacy & Publ Relat Dept, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq
Emad Omer - Ajman University
Stanislav S. Otstavnov - Moscow Inst Phys & Technol, Lab Publ Hlth Indicators Anal & Hlth Digitalizat, Dolgoprudnyi, Russia
Bilcha Oumer - Arba Minch Coll Hlth Sci, Dept Midwifery, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
Jagadish Rao Padubidri - College Station Medical Center
Adrian Pana - Bucharest Univ Econ Studies, Dept Stat & Econometr, Bucharest, Romania
Anamika Pandey - Publ Hlth Fdn India, Dept Res, Gurugram, India
Eun-Cheol Park - Yonsei University
Fatemeh Pashazadeh Kan - College Station Medical Center
Urvish K. Patel - Supreme Council Of Health
Uttam Paudel - Nepal Hlth Res Council, Res Sect, Kathmandu, Nepal
Ionela-Roxana Petcu - Bucharest Univ Econ Studies, Dept Stat & Econometr, Bucharest, Romania
Zahra Zahid Piracha - Hlth Serv Acad, Dept Publ Hlth, Islamabad, Pakistan
Richard Charles G. Pollok - University of London
Maarten J. Postma - University of Groningen
Akram Pourshams - University of Tehran
Hossein Poustchi - University of Tehran
Mohammad Rabiee - Amirkabir University of Technology
Navid Rabiee - Sharif University of Technology
Alireza Rafiei - College Station Medical Center
Sima Rafiei - College Station Medical Center
Pavan Manibettu Raghuram - College Station Medical Center
Mosiur Rahman - University of Rajshahi
Amir Masoud Rahmani - Natl Yunlin Univ Sci & Technol, Future Technol Res Ctr, Huwei Township, Yunlin, Taiwan
Setyaningrum Rahmawaty - Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta
Aashish Rajesh - Univ Texas Hlth Sci Ctr San Antonio, Dept Surg, San Antonio, TX USA
Priyanga Ranasinghe - University of Colombo
Chythra R. Rao - College Station Medical Center
Sowmya J. Rao - Sharavathi Dent Coll & Hosp, Dept Oral Pathol, Shimogga, India
Mahsa Rashidi - Shahid Beheshti University
Mohammad-Mahdi Rashidi
David Laith Rawaf - Imperial Coll London, WHO Collaborating Ctr Publ Hlth Educ & Training, London, England
Salman Rawaf - Imperial Coll London, Dept Primary Care & Publ Hlth, London, England
Reza Rawassizadeh - Boston University
Negar Rezaei - University of Tehran
Aziz Rezapour - College Station Medical Center
Sahba Rezazadeh-Khadem
Jefferson Antonio Buendia Rodriguez - Universidad de Antioquia
Godfrey M. Rwegerera - University of Botswana
Siamak Sabour - Shahid Beheshti University
Basema Saddik - University of Sharjah
Mohammad Reza Saeb
Umar Saeed - Islamabad Diagnost Ctr Pakistan, Res & Dev, Islamabad, Pakistan
Amirhossein Sahebkar - College Station Medical Center
Km Saif-Ur-Rahman - Int Ctr Diarrhoeal Dis Res, Hlth Syst & Populat Studies Div, Dhaka, Bangladesh
Sarvenaz Salahi - College Station Medical Center
Hamideh Salimzadeh - University of Tehran
Chethan Sampath - College Station Medical Center
Abdallah M. Samy - Ain Shams University
Juan Sanabria - Marshall University
Francesco Sanmarchi - University of Bologna
Milena M. Santric-Milicevic - University of Belgrade
Arash Sarveazad - College Station Medical Center
Brijesh Sathian - College Station Medical Center
Monika Sawhney - Univ North Carolina Charlotte, Dept Publ Hlth Sci, Charlotte, NC USA
Abdul-Aziz Seidu - University of Cape Coast
Sadaf G. Sepanlou - University of Tehran
Allen Seylani - NHLBI, NIH, Rockville, MD USA
Saeed Shahabi - Shiraz University
Masood Ali Shaikh
Elaheh Shaker - University of Tehran
Murad Ziyaudinovich Shakhmardanov - College Station Medical Center
Mohammed Shannawaz - College Station Medical Center
Suchitra M. Shenoy - College Station Medical Center
Jeevan K. Shetty - University of Bahrain
Pavanchand H. Shetty - College Station Medical Center
Kenji Shibuya - Tokyo Fdn Policy Res, Tokyo, Japan
Jae Il Shin - Yonsei University
Parnian Shobeiri - University of Tehran
Migbar Mekonnen Sibhat - Dilla University
Achintya Dinesh Singh - College Station Medical Center
Jasvinder A. Singh - University of Alabama
Surjit Singh - College Station Medical Center
Valentin Yurievich Skryabin - Moscow Res & Pract Ctr Addict, Moscow, Russia
Anna Aleksandrovna Skryabina - College Station Medical Center
Amir Ali Sohrabpour
Suhang Song - Columbia University
Seidamir Pasha Tabaeian - College Station Medical Center
Eyayou Girma Tadesse - Arba Minch University
Majid Taheri - Shahid Beheshti University
Mircea Tampa - College Station Medical Center
Ker-Kan Tan - Natl Univ Singapore, Dept Surg, Singapore, Singapore
Ahmad Tavakoli - College Station Medical Center
Abdelghani Tbakhi - King Hussein Canc Ctr, Dept Cell Therapy & Appl Genom, Amman, Jordan
Belay Negash Tefera - Haramaya University
Arash Tehrani-Banihashemi - College Station Medical Center
Habtamu Molla Tesfaw - Addis Ababa University
Rekha Thapar - College Station Medical Center
Aravind Thavamani - Case Western Reserve University
Seyed Abolfazl Tohidast - Semnan University
Daniel Nigusse Tollosa - College Station Medical Center
Maria Elena Tosti - Ist Super Sanit, Natl Ctr Global Hlth, Rome, Italy
Marcos Roberto Tovani-Palone - College Station Medical Center
Eugenio Traini - Burlo Garofolo Inst Maternal & Child Hlth, Clin Epidemiol & Publ Hlth Res Unit, Trieste, Italy
Mai Thi Ngoc Tran - Queensland University of Technology
Indang Trihandini - University of Indonesia
Biruk Shalmeno Tusa - Haramaya University
Irfan Ullah - Iqra Natl Univ, Dept Allied Hlth Sci, Peshawar, Pakistan
Marco Vacante - University of Catania
Sahel Valadan Tahbaz - Milad Gen Hosp, Clin Canc Res Ctr, Tehran, Iran
Pascual R. Valdez - Velez Sarsfield Hosp, Buenos Aires, DF, Argentina
Shoban Babu Varthya - College Station Medical Center
Bay Vo - HUTECH University
Yasir Waheed - College Station Medical Center
Adisu Birhanu Weldesenbet - Haramaya University
Melat Woldemariam - Arba Minch University
Suowen Xu - Univ Sci & Technol China, Dept Endocrinol, Hefei, Peoples R China
Seyed Hossein Yahyazadeh Jabbari
Mehdi Yaseri - Shahid Beheshti University
Yigizie Yeshaw - University of Gondar
Vahit Yigit - Suleyman Demirel Univ, Dept Hlth Management, Isparta, Turkey
Birhanu Wubale Yirdaw - University of Gondar
Naohiro Yonemoto - Natl Ctr Neurol & Psychiat, Dept Neuropsychopharmacol, Kodaira, Tokyo, Japan
Chuanhua Yu - Wuhan University
Ismaeel Yunusa - University of South Carolina
Mazyar Zahir - University of Tehran
Leila Zaki - Tarbiat Modares University
Mohammad Zamani - College Station Medical Center
Maryam Zamanian - Arak University
Mikhail Sergeevich Zastrozhin - Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Bioengn & Therapeut Sci, San Francisco, CA USA
Theo Vos - University of Washington
John W. Ward - Task Force Global Hlth, Coalit Global Hepatitis Eliminat, Decatur, GA USA
M. Ashworth Dirac - University of Washington
Publication Details: The lancet. Gastroenterology & hepatology, Vol.7(9), pp.796-829
Publisher: Elsevier
Number of pages: 34
Grant note: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation; CGIAR
Identifiers: 9913782408331
Academic Unit: Alfaisal University; Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU); King Khalid University; King Abdulaziz University; King Abdullah University of Science & Technology; Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University
Language: English
Resource Type: Journal article