Global, regional, and national comparative risk assessment of 79 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks in 188 countries, 1990-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013

Mohammad H. Forouzanfar; Lily Alexander; H. Ross Anderson; Victoria F. Bachman; Stan Biryukov; Michael Brauer; Richard Burnett; Daniel Casey; Matthew M. Coates; Aaron Cohen; Kristen Delwiche; Kara Estep; Joseph J. Frostad; K. C. Astha; Hmwe H. Kyu; Maziar Moradi-Lakeh; Marie Ng; Erica Leigh Slepak; Bernadette A. Thomas; Joseph Wagner; Gunn Marit Aasvang; Cristiana Abbafati; Ayse Abbasoglu Ozgoren; Foad Abd-Allah; Semaw F. Abera; Victor Aboyans; Biju Abraham; Jerry Puthenpurakal Abraham; Ibrahim Abubakar; Niveen M. E. Abu-Rmeileh; Tania C. Aburto; Tom Achoki; Ademola Adelekan; Koranteng Adofo; Arsene K. Adou; Jose C. Adsuar; Ashkan Afshin; Emilie E. Agardh; Mazin J. Al Khabouri; Faris H. Al Lami; Sayed Saidul Alam; Deena Alasfoor; Mohammed I. Albittar; Miguel A. Alegretti; Alicia V. Aleman; Zewdie A. Alemu; Rafael Alfonso-Cristancho; Samia Alhabib; Raghib Ali; Mohammed K. Ali; Francois Alla; Peter Allebeck; Peter J. Allen; Ubai Alsharif; Elena Alvarez; Nelson Alvis-Guzman; Adansi A. Amankwaa; Azmeraw T. Amare; Emmanuel A. Ameh; Omid Ameli; Heresh Amini; Walid Ammar; Benjamin O. Anderson; Carl Abelardo T. Antonio; Palwasha Anwari; Solveig Argeseanu Cunningham; Johan Arnlov; Valentina S. Arsic Arsenijevic; Al Artaman; Rana J. Asghar; Reza Assadi; Lydia S. Atkins; Charles Atkinson; Marco A. Avila; Baffour Awuah; Alaa Badawi; Maria C. Bahit; Talal Bakfalouni; Kalpana Balakrishnan; Shivanthi Balalla; Ravi Kumar Balu; Amitava Banerjee; Ryan M. Barber; Suzanne L. Barker-Collo; Simon Barquera; Lars Barregard; Lope H. Barrero; Tonatiuh Barrientos-Gutierrez; Ana C. Basto-Abreu; Arindam Basu; Sanjay Basu; Mohammed O. Basulaiman; Carolina Batis Ruvalcaba; Justin Beardsley; Neeraj Bedi; Tolesa Bekele; Michelle L. Bell; Corina Benjet; Derrick A. Bennett; Habib Benzian; Eduardo Bernabe; Tariku J. Beyene; Neeraj Bhala; Ashish Bhalla; Zulfi Qar A. Bhutta; Boris Bikbov; Aref A. Bin Abdulhak; Jed D. Blore; Fiona M. Blyth; Megan A. Bohensky; Berrak Bora Basara; Guilherme Borges; Natan M. Bornstein; Dipan Bose; Soufiane Boufous; Rupert R. Bourne; Michael Brainin; Alexandra Brazinova; Nicholas J. Breitborde; Hermann Brenner; Adam D. M. Briggs; David M. Broday; Peter M. Brooks; Nigel G. Bruce; Traolach S. Brugha; Bert Brunekreef; Rachelle Buchbinder; Linh N. Bui; Gene Bukhman; Andrew G. Bulloch; Michael Burch; Peter G. J. Burney; Ismael R. Campos-Nonato; Julio C. Campuzano; Alejandra J. Cantoral; Jack Caravanos; Rosario Cardenas; Elisabeth Cardis; David O. Carpenter; Valeria Caso; Carlos A. Castaneda-Orjuela; Ruben E. Castro; Ferran Catala-Lopez; Fiorella Cavalleri; Alanur Cavlin; Vineet K. Chadha; Jung-chen Chang; Fiona J. Charlson; Honglei Chen; Wanqing Chen; Zhengming Chen; Peggy P. Chiang; Odgerel Chimed-Ochir; Rajiv Chowdhury; Costas A. Christophi; Ting-Wu Chuang; Sumeet S. Chugh; Massimo Cirillo; Thomas K. D. Classen; Valentina Colistro; Mercedes Colomar; Samantha M. Colquhoun; Alejandra G. Contreras; Cyrus Cooper; Kimberly Cooperrider; Leslie T. Cooper; Josef Coresh; Karen J. Courville; Michael H. Criqui; Lucia Cuevas-Nasu; James Damsere-Derry; Hadi Danawi; Lalit Dandona; Rakhi Dandona; Paul I. Dargan; Adrian Davis; Dragos V. Davitoiu; Anand Dayama; E. Filipa de Castro; Vanessa De la Cruz-Gongora; Diego De Leo; Graca de Lima; Louisa Degenhardt; Borja del Pozo-Cruz; Robert P. Dellavalle; Kebede Deribe; Sarah Derrett; Don C. Des Jarlais; Muluken Dessalegn; Gabrielle A. deVeber; Karen M. Devries; Samath D. Dharmaratne; Mukesh K. Dherani; Daniel Dicker; Eric L. Ding; Klara Dokova; E. Ray Dorsey; Tim R. Driscoll; Leilei Duan; Adnan M. Durrani; Beth E. Ebel; Richard G. Ellenbogen; Yousef M. Elshrek; Matthias Endres; Sergey P. Ermakov; Holly E. Erskine; Babak Eshrati; Alireza Esteghamati; Saman Fahimi; Emerito Jose A. Faraon; Farshad Farzadfar; Derek F. J. Fay; Valery L. Feigin; Andrea B. Feigl; Seyed-Mohammad Fereshtehnejad; Alize J. Ferrari; Cleusa P. Ferri; Abraham D. Flaxman; Thomas D. Fleming; Nataliya Foigt; Kyle J. Foreman; Urbano Fra Paleo; Richard C. Franklin; Belinda Gabbe; Lynne Gaffikin; Emmanuela Gakidou; Amiran Gamkrelidze; Fortune G. Gankpe; Ron T. Gansevoort; Francisco A. Garcia-Guerra; Evariste Gasana; Johanna M. Geleijnse; Bradford D. Gessner; Pete Gething; Katherine B. Gibney; Richard F. Gillum; Ibrahim A. M. Ginawi; Maurice Giroud; Giorgia Giussani; Shifalika Goenka; Ketevan Goginashvili; Hector Gomez Dantes; Philimon Gona; Teresita Gonzalez de Cosio; Dinorah Gonzalez-Castell; Carolyn C. Gotay; Atsushi Goto; Hebe N. Gouda; Richard L. Guerrant; Harish C. Gugnani; Francis Guillemin; David Gunnell; Rahul Gupta; Rajeev Gupta; Reyna A. Gutierrez; Nima Hafezi-Nejad; Holly Hagan; Maria Hagstromer; Yara A. Halasa; Randah R. Hamadeh; Mouhanad Hammami; Graeme J. Hankey; Yuantao Hao; Hilda L. Harb; Tilahun Nigatu Haregu; Josep Maria Haro; Rasmus Havmoeller; Simon I. Hay; Mohammad T. Hedayati; Ileana B. Heredia-Pi; Lucia Hernandez; Kyle R. Heuton; Pouria Heydarpour; Martha Hijar; Hans W. Hoek; Howard J. Hoff Man; John C. Hornberger; H. Dean Hosgood; Damian G. Hoy; Mohamed Hsairi; Guoqing Hu; Howard Hu; Cheng Huang; John J. Huang; Bryan J. Hubbell; Laetitia Huiart; Abdullatif Husseini; Marissa L. Iannarone; Kim M. Iburg; Bulat T. Idrisov; Nayu Ikeda; Kaire Innos; Manami Inoue; Farhad Islami; Samaya Ismayilova; Kathryn H. Jacobsen; Henrica A. Jansen; Deborah L. Jarvis; Simerjot K. Jassal; Alejandra Jauregui; Sudha Jayaraman; Panniyammakal Jeemon; Paul N. Jensen; Vivekanand Jha; Fan Jiang; Guohong Jiang; Ying Jiang; Jost B. Jonas; Knud Juel; Haidong Kan; Sidibe S. Kany Roseline; Nadim E. Karam; Andre Karch; Corine K. Karema; Ganesan Karthikeyan; Anil Kaul; Norito Kawakami; Dhruv S. Kazi; Andrew H. Kemp; Andre P. Kengne; Andre Keren; Yousef S. Khader; Shams Eldin Ali Hassan Khalifa; Ejaz A. Khan; Young-Ho Khang; Shahab Khatibzadeh; Irma Khonelidze; Christian Kieling; Daniel Kim; Sungroul Kim; Yunjin Kim; Ruth W. 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MacIntyre; Carlos Magis-Rodriguez; Abbas A. Mahdi; Marek Majdan; Reza Malekzadeh; Srikanth Mangalam; Christopher C. Mapoma; Marape Marape; Wagner Marcenes; David J. Margolis; Christopher Margono; Guy B. Marks; Randall V. Martin; Melvin B. Marzan; Mohammad T. Mashal; Felix Masiye; Amanda J. Mason-Jones; Kunihiro Matsushita; Richard Matzopoulos; Bongani M. Mayosi; Tasara T. Mazorodze; Abigail C. Mckay; Martin Mckee; Abigail McLain; Peter A. Meaney; Catalina Medina; Man Mohan Mehndiratta; Fabiola Mejia-Rodriguez; Wubegzier Mekonnen; Yohannes A. Melaku; Michele Meltzer; Ziad A. Memish; Walter Mendoza; George A. Mensah; Atte Meretoja; Francis Apolinary Mhimbira; Renata Micha; Ted R. Miller; Edward J. Mills; Awoke Misganaw; Santosh Mishra; Norlinah Mohamed Ibrahim; Karzan A. Mohammad; Ali H. Mokdad; Glen L. Mola; Lorenzo Monasta; Julio C. Montaez Hernandez; Marcella Montico; Ami R. Moore; Lidia Morawska; Rintaro Mori; Joanna Moschandreas; Wilkister N. Moturi; Dariush Mozaff Arian; Ulrich O. Mueller; Mitsuru Mukaigawara; Erin C. Mullany; Kinnari S. Murthy; Mohsen Naghavi; Ziad Nahas; Aliya Naheed; Kovin S. Naidoo; Luigi Naldi; Devina Nand; Vinay Nangia; K. M. Venkat Narayan; Denis Nash; Bruce Neal; Chakib Nejjari; Sudan P. Neupane; Charles R. Newton; Frida N. Ngalesoni; Jean de Dieu Ngirabega; Grant Nguyen; Nhung T. Nguyen; Mark J. Nieuwenhuijsen; Muhammad I. Nisar; Jose R. Nogueira; Joan M. Nolla; Sandra Nolte; Ole F. Norheim; Rosana E. Norman; Bo Norrving; Luke Nyakarahuka; In-Hwan Oh; Takayoshi Ohkubo; Bolajoko O. Olusanya; Saad B. Omer; John Nelson Opio; Ricardo Orozco; Rodolfo S. Pagcatipunan; Amanda W. Pain; Jeyaraj D. Pandian; Carlo Irwin A. Panelo; Christina Papachristou; Eun-Kee Park; Charles D. Parry; Angel J. Paternina Caicedo; Scott B. Patten; Vinod K. Paul; Boris I. Pavlin; Neil Pearce; Lilia S. Pedraza; Andrea Pedroza; Ljiljana Pejin Stokic; Ayfer Pekericli; David M. Pereira; Rogelio Perez-Padilla; Fernando Perez-Ruiz; Norberto Perico; Samuel A. L. 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Sanabria; Luz Maria Sanchez; Tania G. Sanchez-Pimienta; Lidia Sanchez-Riera; Logan Sandar; Itamar S. Santos; Amir Sapkota; Maheswar Satpathy; James E. Saunders; Monika Sawhney; Mete I. Saylan; Peter Scarborough; Juergen C. Schmidt; Ione J. C. Schneider; Ben Schoettker; David C. Schwebel; James G. Scott; Soraya Seedat; Sadaf G. Sepanlou; Berrin Serdar; Edson E. Servan-Mori; Gavin Shaddick; Saeid Shahraz; Teresa Shamah Levy; Siyi Shangguan; Jun She; Sara Sheikhbahaei; Kenji Shibuya; Hwashin H. Shin; Yukito Shinohara; Rahman Shiri; Kawkab Shishani; Ivy Shiue; Inga D. Sigfusdottir; Donald H. Silberberg; Edgar P. Simard; Shireen Sindi; Abhishek Singh; Gitanjali M. Singh; Jasvinder A. Singh; Vegard Skirbekk; Karen Sliwa; Michael Soljak; Samir Soneji; Kjetil Soreide; Sergey Soshnikov; Luciano A. Sposato; Chandrashekhar T. Sreeramareddy; Nicolas J. C. Stapelberg; Vasiliki Stathopoulou; Nadine Steckling; Dan J. Stein; Murray B. Stein; Natalie Stephens; Heidi Stoeckl; Kurt Straif; Konstantinos Stroumpoulis; Lela Sturua; Bruno F. Sunguya; Soumya Swaminathan; Mamta Swaroop; Bryan L. Sykes; Karen M. Tabb; Ken Takahashi; Roberto T. Talongwa; Nikhil Tandon; David Tanne; Marcel Tanner; Mohammad Tavakkoli; Braden J. Te Ao; Carolina M. Teixeira; Martha M. Tellez Rojo; Abdullah S. Terkawi; Jose Luis Texcalac-Sangrador; Sarah V. Thackway; Blake Thomson; Andrew L. Thorne-Lyman; Amanda G. Thrift; George D. Thurston; Taavi Tillmann; Myriam Tobollik; Marcello Tonelli; Fotis Topouzis; Jeff Rey A. Towbin; Hideaki Toyoshima; Jeff Erson Traebert; Bach X. Tran; Leonardo Trasande; Matias Trillini; Ulises Trujillo; Zacharie Tsala Dimbuene; Miltiadis Tsilimbaris; Emin Murat Tuzcu; Uche S. Uchendu; Kingsley N. Ukwaja; Selen B. Uzun; Steven van de Vijver; Rita Van Dingenen; Coen H. Van Gool; Jim Van Os; Yuri Y. Varakin; Tommi J. Vasankari; Ana Maria N. Vasconcelos; Monica S. Vavilala; Lennert J. Veerman; Gustavo Velasquez-Melendez; N. Venketasubramanian; Lakshmi Vijayakumar; Salvador Villalpando; Francesco S. Violante; Vasiliy Victorovich Vlassov; Stein Emil Vollset; Gregory R. Wagner; Stephen G. Waller; Mitchell T. Wallin; Xia Wan; Haidong Wang; JianLi Wang; Linhong Wang; Wenzhi Wang; Yanping Wang; Tati S. Warouw; Charlotte H. Watts; Scott Weichenthal; Elisabete Weiderpass; Robert G. Weintraub; Andrea Werdecker; K. Ryan Wessells; Ronny Westerman; Harvey A. Whiteford; James D. Wilkinson; Hywel C. Williams; Thomas N. Williams; Solomon M. Woldeyohannes; Charles D. A. Wolfe; John Q. Wong; Anthony D. Woolf; Jonathan L. Wright; Brittany Wurtz; Gelin Xu; Lijing L. Yan; Gonghuan Yang; Yuichiro Yano; Pengpeng Ye; Muluken Yenesew; Goekalp K. Yentuer; Paul Yip; Naohiro Yonemoto; Seok-Jun Yoon; Mustafa Z. Younis; Zourkaleini Younoussi; Chuanhua Yu; Maysaa El Sayed Zaki; Yong Zhao; Yingfeng Zheng; Maigeng Zhou; Jun Zhu; Shankuan Zhu; Xiaonong Zou; Joseph R. Zunt; Alan D. Lopez; Theo Vos; Christopher J. Murray; GBD 2013 Risk Factors

doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(15)00128-2

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Global, regional, and national comparative risk assessment of 79 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks in 188 countries, 1990-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013

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Global, regional, and national comparative risk assessment of 79 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks in 188 countries, 1990-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013

Mohammad H. Forouzanfar, Lily Alexander, H. Ross Anderson, Victoria F. Bachman, Stan Biryukov, Michael Brauer, Richard Burnett, Daniel Casey, Matthew M. Coates, Aaron Cohen, …

The Lancet (British edition), Vol.386(10010), pp.2287-2323

05/12/2015

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(15)00128-2

PMCID: PMC4685753

PMID: 26364544

Abstract

General & Internal Medicine

Life Sciences & Biomedicine

Medicine, General & Internal

Science & Technology

Background The Global Burden of Disease, Injuries, and Risk Factor study 2013 (GBD 2013) is the first of a series of annual updates of the GBD. Risk factor quantification, particularly of modifiable risk factors, can help to identify emerging threats to population health and opportunities for prevention. The GBD 2013 provides a timely opportunity to update the comparative risk assessment with new data for exposure, relative risks, and evidence on the appropriate counterfactual risk distribution. Methods Attributable deaths, years of life lost, years lived with disability, and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) have been estimated for 79 risks or clusters of risks using the GBD 2010 methods. Risk-outcome pairs meeting explicit evidence criteria were assessed for 188 countries for the period 1990-2013 by age and sex using three inputs: risk exposure, relative risks, and the theoretical minimum risk exposure level (TMREL). Risks are organised into a hierarchy with blocks of behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks at the first level of the hierarchy. The next level in the hierarchy includes nine clusters of related risks and two individual risks, with more detail provided at levels 3 and 4 of the hierarchy. Compared with GBD 2010, six new risk factors have been added: handwashing practices, occupational exposure to trichloroethylene, childhood wasting, childhood stunting, unsafe sex, and low glomerular filtration rate. For most risks, data for exposure were synthesised with a Bayesian meta-regression method, DisMod-MR 2.0, or spatial-temporal Gaussian process regression. Relative risks were based on meta-regressions of published cohort and intervention studies. Attributable burden for clusters of risks and all risks combined took into account evidence on the mediation of some risks such as high body-mass index (BMI) through other risks such as high systolic blood pressure and high cholesterol. Findings All risks combined account for 57.2% (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 55.8-58.5) of deaths and 41.6% (40.1-43.0) of DALYs. Risks quantified account for 87.9% (86.5-89.3) of cardiovascular disease DALYs, ranging to a low of 0% for neonatal disorders and neglected tropical diseases and malaria. In terms of global DALYs in 2013, six risks or clusters of risks each caused more than 5% of DALYs: dietary risks accounting for 11.3 million deaths and 241.4 million DALYs, high systolic blood pressure for 10.4 million deaths and 208.1 million DALYs, child and maternal malnutrition for 1.7 million deaths and 176.9 million DALYs, tobacco smoke for 6.1 million deaths and 143.5 million DALYs, air pollution for 5.5 million deaths and 141.5 million DALYs, and high BMI for 4.4 million deaths and 134.0 million DALYs. Risk factor patterns vary across regions and countries and with time. In sub-Saharan Africa, the leading risk factors are child and maternal malnutrition, unsafe sex, and unsafe water, sanitation, and handwashing. In women, in nearly all countries in the Americas, north Africa, and the Middle East, and in many other high-income countries, high BMI is the leading risk factor, with high systolic blood pressure as the leading risk in most of Central and Eastern Europe and south and east Asia. For men, high systolic blood pressure or tobacco use are the leading risks in nearly all high-income countries, in north Africa and the Middle East, Europe, and Asia. For men and women, unsafe sex is the leading risk in a corridor from Kenya to South Africa. Interpretation Behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks can explain half of global mortality and more than one-third of global DALYs providing many opportunities for prevention. Of the larger risks, the attributable burden of high BMI has increased in the past 23 years. In view of the prominence of behavioural risk factors, behavioural and social science research on interventions for these risks should be strengthened. Many prevention and primary care policy options are available now to act on key risks.

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Title: Global, regional, and national comparative risk assessment of 79 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks in 188 countries, 1990-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013
Creators - without role: Mohammad H. Forouzanfar - Inst Hlth Metr & Evaluat, 2301 5th Ave,Suite 600, Seattle, WA 98121 USA
Lily Alexander - Inst Hlth Metr & Evaluat, 2301 5th Ave,Suite 600, Seattle, WA 98121 USA
H. Ross Anderson - University of London
Victoria F. Bachman - Inst Hlth Metr & Evaluat, 2301 5th Ave,Suite 600, Seattle, WA 98121 USA
Stan Biryukov - Inst Hlth Metr & Evaluat, 2301 5th Ave,Suite 600, Seattle, WA 98121 USA
Michael Brauer - Inst Hlth Metr & Evaluat, 2301 5th Ave,Suite 600, Seattle, WA 98121 USA
Richard Burnett - Hlth Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0L2, Canada
Daniel Casey - Inst Hlth Metr & Evaluat, 2301 5th Ave,Suite 600, Seattle, WA 98121 USA
Matthew M. Coates - Inst Hlth Metr & Evaluat, 2301 5th Ave,Suite 600, Seattle, WA 98121 USA
Aaron Cohen - Inst Hlth Metr & Evaluat, 2301 5th Ave,Suite 600, Seattle, WA 98121 USA
Kristen Delwiche - Inst Hlth Metr & Evaluat, 2301 5th Ave,Suite 600, Seattle, WA 98121 USA
Kara Estep - Inst Hlth Metr & Evaluat, 2301 5th Ave,Suite 600, Seattle, WA 98121 USA
Joseph J. Frostad - Inst Hlth Metr & Evaluat, 2301 5th Ave,Suite 600, Seattle, WA 98121 USA
K. C. Astha
Hmwe H. Kyu - Inst Hlth Metr & Evaluat, 2301 5th Ave,Suite 600, Seattle, WA 98121 USA
Maziar Moradi-Lakeh - Inst Hlth Metr & Evaluat, 2301 5th Ave,Suite 600, Seattle, WA 98121 USA
Marie Ng - Inst Hlth Metr & Evaluat, 2301 5th Ave,Suite 600, Seattle, WA 98121 USA
Erica Leigh Slepak - Inst Hlth Metr & Evaluat, 2301 5th Ave,Suite 600, Seattle, WA 98121 USA
Bernadette A. Thomas - Inst Hlth Metr & Evaluat, 2301 5th Ave,Suite 600, Seattle, WA 98121 USA
Joseph Wagner - Inst Hlth Metr & Evaluat, 2301 5th Ave,Suite 600, Seattle, WA 98121 USA
Gunn Marit Aasvang - Norwegian Inst Publ Hlth, Oslo, Norway
Cristiana Abbafati - Univ Roma La Sapienza, I-00185 Rome, Italy
Ayse Abbasoglu Ozgoren - Hacettepe University
Foad Abd-Allah - Cairo University
Semaw F. Abera - Mekelle University
Victor Aboyans - Dupuytren Univ Hosp, Limoges, France
Biju Abraham - Govt Coll Munnar, Munnar, India
Jerry Puthenpurakal Abraham - College Station Medical Center
Ibrahim Abubakar - UCL, London, England
Niveen M. E. Abu-Rmeileh - Birzeit University
Tania C. Aburto - Natl Inst Publ Hlth, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
Tom Achoki - Inst Hlth Metr & Evaluat, 2301 5th Ave,Suite 600, Seattle, WA 98121 USA
Ademola Adelekan - Publ Hlth Promot Alliance, Osogbo, Nigeria
Koranteng Adofo - Kwame Nkrumah University
Arsene K. Adou - Assoc Ivoirienne Bien Etre Familial, Abidjan, Cote Ivoire
Jose C. Adsuar - Universidad de Extremadura
Ashkan Afshin - Tufts University
Emilie E. Agardh - Inst Publ Hlth Sci, Stockholm, Sweden
Mazin J. Al Khabouri - Minist Hlth, Muscat, Oman
Faris H. Al Lami - College Station Medical Center
Sayed Saidul Alam - International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research
Deena Alasfoor - Minist Hlth, Al Khuwair, Oman
Mohammed I. Albittar - Independent, Damascus, Syria
Miguel A. Alegretti - College Station Medical Center
Alicia V. Aleman - Univ Republica, Montevideo, Uruguay
Zewdie A. Alemu - Debre Markos University
Rafael Alfonso-Cristancho - University of Washington
Samia Alhabib - King Abdullah Bin Abdulaziz Univ Hosp, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Raghib Ali - University of Oxford
Mohammed K. Ali - Emory University
Francois Alla - Univ Lorraine, Nancy, France
Peter Allebeck - Karolinska Institutet
Peter J. Allen - Minist Hlth, Belmopan, Belize
Ubai Alsharif - Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin
Elena Alvarez - Govt, Madrid, Spain
Nelson Alvis-Guzman - University of Cartagena
Adansi A. Amankwaa - Albany State University
Azmeraw T. Amare - University of Groningen
Emmanuel A. Ameh - Ahmadu Bello University
Omid Ameli - Boston University
Heresh Amini - College Station Medical Center
Walid Ammar - Minist Publ Hlth, Beirut, Lebanon
Benjamin O. Anderson - University of Washington
Carl Abelardo T. Antonio - University of the Philippines Manila
Palwasha Anwari
Solveig Argeseanu Cunningham - Emory University
Johan Arnlov - Uppsala University
Valentina S. Arsic Arsenijevic - University of Belgrade
Al Artaman
Rana J. Asghar - Forum
Reza Assadi - College Station Medical Center
Lydia S. Atkins - Minist Hlth, Wellness Human Serv & Gender Relat, St Lucia, Qld, Australia
Charles Atkinson - Inst Hlth Metr & Evaluat, 2301 5th Ave,Suite 600, Seattle, WA 98121 USA
Marco A. Avila - Natl Inst Publ Hlth, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
Baffour Awuah - Komfo Anokye Teaching Hosp, Kumasi, Ghana
Alaa Badawi - Publ Hlth Agcy Canada, Toronto, ON, Canada
Maria C. Bahit - INECO Neurociencias, Rosario, Argentina
Talal Bakfalouni - Minist Hlth, Damascus, Syria
Kalpana Balakrishnan - University of Madras
Shivanthi Balalla - Auckland University of Technology
Ravi Kumar Balu - Publ Hlth Fdn India, Delhi, India
Amitava Banerjee - University of Birmingham
Ryan M. Barber - Inst Hlth Metr & Evaluat, 2301 5th Ave,Suite 600, Seattle, WA 98121 USA
Suzanne L. Barker-Collo - University of Auckland
Simon Barquera - Natl Inst Publ Hlth, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
Lars Barregard - University of Gothenburg
Lope H. Barrero - Pontificia Univ Javeriana, Dept Ind Engn, Bogota, Colombia
Tonatiuh Barrientos-Gutierrez - Natl Inst Publ Hlth, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
Ana C. Basto-Abreu - Natl Inst Publ Hlth, Mexico City, DF, Mexico
Arindam Basu - University of Canterbury
Sanjay Basu - Stanford University
Mohammed O. Basulaiman - Minist Hlth, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Carolina Batis Ruvalcaba - Natl Inst Publ Hlth, Mexico City, DF, Mexico
Justin Beardsley - University of Oxford
Neeraj Bedi - College Station Medical Center
Tolesa Bekele - Madda Walabu University
Michelle L. Bell - University of New Haven
Corina Benjet - Natl Inst Psychiat Ramon Fuente Muniz, Mexico City, DF, Mexico
Derrick A. Bennett - University of Oxford
Habib Benzian - UCL, Dept Epidemiol & Publ Hlth, London, England
Eduardo Bernabe - Kings Coll London, London, England
Tariku J. Beyene - Addis Ababa University
Neeraj Bhala - Queen Elizabeth Hosp, Birmingham, W Midlands, England
Ashish Bhalla - College Station Medical Center
Zulfi Qar A. Bhutta - Aga Khan Univ, Med Ctr, Karachi, Pakistan
Boris Bikbov - AI Evdokimov Moscow State Univ Med & Dent, Moscow, Russia
Aref A. Bin Abdulhak - University of Iowa
Jed D. Blore - University of Melbourne
Fiona M. Blyth - University of Sydney
Megan A. Bohensky - University of Melbourne
Berrak Bora Basara - Ankara
Guilherme Borges - Natl Inst Psychiat Ramon Fuente Muniz, Mexico City, DF, Mexico
Natan M. Bornstein - College Station Medical Center
Dipan Bose - World Bank
Soufiane Boufous - Univ New S Wales, Transport & Rd Safety, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Rupert R. Bourne - Anglia Ruskin University
Michael Brainin - Universität für Weiterbildung Krems
Alexandra Brazinova - Trnava Univ, Fac Hlth Sci & Social Work, Trnava, Slovakia
Nicholas J. Breitborde - The Ohio State University
Hermann Brenner - Heidelberg
Adam D. M. Briggs - University of Oxford
David M. Broday - Technion – Israel Institute of Technology
Peter M. Brooks - University of Melbourne
Nigel G. Bruce - University of Liverpool
Traolach S. Brugha - University of Leicester
Bert Brunekreef - Univ Utrecht, Inst Risk Assessment Sci, Utrecht, Netherlands
Rachelle Buchbinder - Cabrini Inst, Monash Dept Clin Epidemiol, Melbourne, Vic, Australia
Linh N. Bui - Supreme Council Of Health
Gene Bukhman - Harvard University
Andrew G. Bulloch - University of Calgary
Michael Burch - Ormond
Peter G. J. Burney - University of London
Ismael R. Campos-Nonato - Harvard University
Julio C. Campuzano - Natl Inst Publ Hlth, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
Alejandra J. Cantoral - Natl Inst Publ Hlth, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
Jack Caravanos - Supreme Council Of Health
Rosario Cardenas - Univ Autonoma Metropolitana, Mexico City, DF, Mexico
Elisabeth Cardis - Ctr Res Environm Epidemiol, Barcelona, Spain
David O. Carpenter - SUNY Albany, Rensselaer, NY USA
Valeria Caso - University of Perugia
Carlos A. Castaneda-Orjuela - Colombian Natl Hlth Observ, Inst Nacl Salud, Bogota, Colombia
Ruben E. Castro - Univ Diego Portales, Santiago, Chile
Ferran Catala-Lopez - College Station Medical Center
Fiorella Cavalleri - College Station Medical Center
Alanur Cavlin - Hacettepe University
Vineet K. Chadha - Natl TB Inst, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
Jung-chen Chang - University of Taipei
Fiona J. Charlson - University of Queensland
Honglei Chen - Triangle
Wanqing Chen - College Station Medical Center
Zhengming Chen - University of Oxford
Peggy P. Chiang - University of Melbourne
Odgerel Chimed-Ochir - Univ Occupat & Environm Hlth, Dept Environm Epidemiol, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka 807, Japan
Rajiv Chowdhury - University of Cambridge
Costas A. Christophi - Cyprus University of Technology
Ting-Wu Chuang - University of Taipei
Sumeet S. Chugh - College Station Medical Center
Massimo Cirillo - University of Salerno
Thomas K. D. Classen - Univ Bielefeld, Dept Environm & Hlth, Bielefeld, Germany
Valentina Colistro - Univ Republica, Montevideo, Uruguay
Mercedes Colomar - UNICEM, Montevideo, Uruguay
Samantha M. Colquhoun - University of Melbourne
Alejandra G. Contreras - Natl Inst Publ Hlth, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
Cyrus Cooper - University of Southampton
Kimberly Cooperrider - Inst Hlth Metr & Evaluat, 2301 5th Ave,Suite 600, Seattle, WA 98121 USA
Leslie T. Cooper - Mayo Clin, Rochester, MN USA
Josef Coresh - Johns Hopkins University
Karen J. Courville - Hosp Dr Gustavo N Collado, Chitre, Panama
Michael H. Criqui - Univ Calif San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA
Lucia Cuevas-Nasu - Natl Inst Publ Hlth, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
James Damsere-Derry - Bldg & Rd Res Inst, Kumasi, Ghana
Hadi Danawi - Walden University
Lalit Dandona - Inst Hlth Metr & Evaluat, 2301 5th Ave,Suite 600, Seattle, WA 98121 USA
Rakhi Dandona - Publ Hlth Fdn India, Delhi, India
Paul I. Dargan - Guys & St Thomas NHS Fdn Trust, London, England
Adrian Davis - Publ Hlth England, London, England
Dragos V. Davitoiu - College Station Medical Center
Anand Dayama - College Station Medical Center
E. Filipa de Castro - Natl Inst Publ Hlth, Mexico City, DF, Mexico
Vanessa De la Cruz-Gongora - Natl Inst Publ Hlth, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
Diego De Leo - Griffith University
Graca de Lima - Local Hlth Unit Matosinhos, Matosinhos, Portugal
Louisa Degenhardt - Univ New S Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Borja del Pozo-Cruz - University of Auckland
Robert P. Dellavalle - Eastern Colorado Healthcare Syst, US Dept Vet Affairs, Denver, CO USA
Kebede Deribe - Supreme Council Of Health
Sarah Derrett - University of Otago
Don C. Des Jarlais - Mt Sinai Beth Israel, New York, NY USA
Muluken Dessalegn - College Station Medical Center
Gabrielle A. deVeber - University of Toronto
Karen M. Devries - University of London
Samath D. Dharmaratne - University of Peradeniya
Mukesh K. Dherani - University of Liverpool
Daniel Dicker - Inst Hlth Metr & Evaluat, 2301 5th Ave,Suite 600, Seattle, WA 98121 USA
Eric L. Ding - Harvard University
Klara Dokova - College Station Medical Center
E. Ray Dorsey - University of Rochester
Tim R. Driscoll - University of Sydney
Leilei Duan - Natl Ctr Chron & Noncommunicable Dis Control & Pr, Beijing, Peoples R China
Adnan M. Durrani - Natl Inst Hlth, Montgomery Village, MD USA
Beth E. Ebel - University of Washington
Richard G. Ellenbogen - University of Washington
Yousef M. Elshrek - University of Tripoli
Matthias Endres - Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin
Sergey P. Ermakov - Russian Acad Sci, Inst Social & Econ Studies Populat, Moscow, Russia
Holly E. Erskine - University of Queensland
Babak Eshrati - Arak University
Alireza Esteghamati - University of Tehran
Saman Fahimi - Harvard University
Emerito Jose A. Faraon - University of the Philippines Manila
Farshad Farzadfar - University of Tehran
Derek F. J. Fay - Publ Hlth England, London, England
Valery L. Feigin - Auckland University of Technology
Andrea B. Feigl - Harvard University
Seyed-Mohammad Fereshtehnejad - Karolinska Institutet
Alize J. Ferrari - University of Queensland
Cleusa P. Ferri - Univ Fed Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
Abraham D. Flaxman - Inst Hlth Metr & Evaluat, 2301 5th Ave,Suite 600, Seattle, WA 98121 USA
Thomas D. Fleming - Inst Hlth Metr & Evaluat, 2301 5th Ave,Suite 600, Seattle, WA 98121 USA
Nataliya Foigt - College Station Medical Center
Kyle J. Foreman - Inst Hlth Metr & Evaluat, 2301 5th Ave,Suite 600, Seattle, WA 98121 USA
Urbano Fra Paleo - Universidad de Extremadura
Richard C. Franklin - James Cook University
Belinda Gabbe - Monash University
Lynne Gaffikin - Stanford University
Emmanuela Gakidou - Inst Hlth Metr & Evaluat, 2301 5th Ave,Suite 600, Seattle, WA 98121 USA
Amiran Gamkrelidze - Natl Ctr Dis Control & Publ Hlth, Tbilisi, Georgia
Fortune G. Gankpe - Leras Afrique, Cotonou, Benin
Ron T. Gansevoort - University of Groningen
Francisco A. Garcia-Guerra - Natl Inst Publ Hlth, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
Evariste Gasana - Rwanda Biomed Ctr, TB & Other Respir Dis Div, Kigali, Rwanda
Johanna M. Geleijnse - Wageningen Univ, Div Human Nutr, Wageningen, Netherlands
Bradford D. Gessner - College Station Medical Center
Pete Gething - University of Oxford
Katherine B. Gibney - Monash University
Richard F. Gillum - Howard University
Ibrahim A. M. Ginawi - University of Ha'il
Maurice Giroud - Univ Hosp Dijon, Dijon, France
Giorgia Giussani - IRCCS Mario Negri Inst Pharmacol Res, Milan, Italy
Shifalika Goenka - Publ Hlth Fdn India, Delhi, India
Ketevan Goginashvili - Minist Labour Hlth & Social Affairs, Tbilisi, Georgia
Hector Gomez Dantes - Natl Inst Publ Hlth, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
Philimon Gona - University of Massachusetts Boston
Teresita Gonzalez de Cosio - Natl Inst Publ Hlth, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
Dinorah Gonzalez-Castell - Natl Inst Publ Hlth, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
Carolyn C. Gotay - University of British Columbia
Atsushi Goto - College Station Medical Center
Hebe N. Gouda - University of Queensland
Richard L. Guerrant - University of Virginia
Harish C. Gugnani - Supreme Council Of Health
Francis Guillemin - Univ Lorraine, Nancy, France
David Gunnell - University of Bristol
Rahul Gupta - West Virginia Bur Publ Hlth, Charleston, WV USA
Rajeev Gupta - Fortis Escorts Hosp, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
Reyna A. Gutierrez - Natl Inst Psychiat Ramon Fuente Muniz, Mexico City, DF, Mexico
Nima Hafezi-Nejad - University of Tehran
Holly Hagan - NYU, New York, NY 10003 USA
Maria Hagstromer - Karolinska Institutet
Yara A. Halasa - Brandeis University
Randah R. Hamadeh - Arabian Gulf University
Mouhanad Hammami - Wayne Cty Dept Hlth & Human Serv, Detroit, MI USA
Graeme J. Hankey - University of Western Australia
Yuantao Hao - Sun Yat-sen University
Hilda L. Harb - Minist Publ Hlth, Beirut, Lebanon
Tilahun Nigatu Haregu - African Populat & Hlth Res Ctr, Nairobi, Kenya
Josep Maria Haro - CIBERSAM, Parc Sanitari St Joan de Deu, Sant Boi De Llobregat, Spain
Rasmus Havmoeller - Karolinska Institutet
Simon I. Hay - Inst Hlth Metr & Evaluat, 2301 5th Ave,Suite 600, Seattle, WA 98121 USA
Mohammad T. Hedayati - College Station Medical Center
Ileana B. Heredia-Pi - Natl Inst Publ Hlth, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
Lucia Hernandez - Natl Inst Publ Hlth, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
Kyle R. Heuton - Inst Hlth Metr & Evaluat, 2301 5th Ave,Suite 600, Seattle, WA 98121 USA
Pouria Heydarpour - University of Tehran
Martha Hijar - Fdn Entornos AC, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
Hans W. Hoek - University of Groningen
Howard J. Hoff Man - Natl Inst Deafness & Other Commun Disorders, Epidemiol & Stat Program, NIH, Bethesda, MD USA
John C. Hornberger - Menlo School
H. Dean Hosgood - Albert Einstein College of Medicine
Damian G. Hoy - University of Queensland
Mohamed Hsairi - Natl Inst Publ Hlth, Tunis, Tunisia
Guoqing Hu - Cent S Univ, Changsha, Peoples R China
Howard Hu - University of Toronto
Cheng Huang - George Washington University
John J. Huang
Bryan J. Hubbell - Triangle
Laetitia Huiart - CHU La Reunion, Saint Denis, France
Abdullatif Husseini - Qatar University
Marissa L. Iannarone - Inst Hlth Metr & Evaluat, 2301 5th Ave,Suite 600, Seattle, WA 98121 USA
Kim M. Iburg - Aarhus University
Bulat T. Idrisov - Brandeis University
Nayu Ikeda - Natl Inst Hlth Nutr, Tokyo, Japan
Kaire Innos - Natl Inst Hlth Dev, Tallinn, Estonia
Manami Inoue - The University of Tokyo
Farhad Islami - Amer Canc Soc, New York, NY USA
Samaya Ismayilova
Kathryn H. Jacobsen - George Mason University
Henrica A. Jansen - UNFPA Asia & Pacific Reg Off, Bangkok, Thailand
Deborah L. Jarvis - University of London
Simerjot K. Jassal - Univ Calif San Diego, San Diego, CA USA
Alejandra Jauregui - Natl Inst Publ Hlth, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
Sudha Jayaraman - Virginia Commonwealth University
Panniyammakal Jeemon - Ctr Chron Dis Control, New Delhi, India
Paul N. Jensen - University of Washington
Vivekanand Jha - College Station Medical Center
Fan Jiang - College Station Medical Center
Guohong Jiang - Tianjin Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Tianjin, Peoples R China
Ying Jiang - Univ Occupat & Environm Hlth, Dept Hlth Dev, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka 807, Japan
Jost B. Jonas - Heidelberg University
Knud Juel - Natl Inst Publ Hlth, Copenhagen, Denmark
Haidong Kan - Fudan University
Sidibe S. Kany Roseline - MARIKANI, Bamako, Mali
Nadim E. Karam - University of Balamand
Andre Karch - Helmholtz Ctr Infect Res, Dept Epidemiol, Braunschweig, Germany
Corine K. Karema - Minist Hlth, Malaria & Other Parasit Dis Div, Kigali City, Rwanda
Ganesan Karthikeyan - College Station Medical Center
Anil Kaul - Oklahoma State University
Norito Kawakami - The University of Tokyo
Dhruv S. Kazi - Univ Calif San Francisco, San Francisco, CA USA
Andrew H. Kemp - Univ Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
Andre P. Kengne - College Station Medical Center
Andre Keren - Hadassah
Yousef S. Khader - Jordan Univ Sci & Technol, Irbid, Jordan
Shams Eldin Ali Hassan Khalifa - Supreme Council Hlth, Doha, Qatar
Ejaz A. Khan - Hlth Serv Acad, Islamabad, Pakistan
Young-Ho Khang - College Station Medical Center
Shahab Khatibzadeh - Harvard University
Irma Khonelidze - Natl Ctr Dis Control & Publ Hlth, Tbilisi, Georgia
Christian Kieling - Univ Fed Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
Daniel Kim - Northeastern Univ, Boston, MA USA
Sungroul Kim - Soonchunhyang University
Yunjin Kim - Southern Univ Coll, Johor Baharu, Malaysia
Ruth W. Kimokoti - Simmons Coll, Boston, MA USA
Yohannes Kinfu - University of Canberra
Jonas M. Kinge - Norwegian Inst Publ Hlth, Oslo, Norway
Brett M. Kissela - University of Cincinnati
Miia Kivipelto - Karolinska Institutet
Luke D. Knibbs - University of Queensland
Ann Kristin Knudsen - Norwegian Inst Publ Hlth, Dept Hlth Registries, Oslo, Norway
Yoshihiro Kokubo - Natl Cerebral & Cardiovasc Ctr, Suita, Osaka, Japan
M. Rifat Kose - Ankara
Soewarta Kosen - Minist Hlth Indonesia, NIHRD, Ctr Community Empowerment Hlth Policy & Human, Jakarta, Indonesia
Alexander Kraemer - Supreme Council Of Health
Michael Kravchenko - Res Ctr Neurol, Moscow, Russia
Sanjay Krishnaswami - University of Portland
Hans Kromhout - Univ Utrecht, Inst Risk Assessment Sci, Utrecht, Netherlands
Tiffany Ku - Inst Hlth Metr & Evaluat, 2301 5th Ave,Suite 600, Seattle, WA 98121 USA
Barthelemy Kuate Defo - Univ Montreal, Montreal, PQ, Canada
Burcu Kucuk Bicer - Hacettepe University
Ernst J. Kuipers - Erasmus MC
Chanda Kulkarni - College Station Medical Center
Veena S. Kulkarni - Arkansas State University
G. Anil Kumar - Publ Hlth Fdn India, Delhi, India
Gene F. Kwan - College Station Medical Center
Taavi Lai - Fourth View Consulting, Tallinn, Estonia
Arjun Lakshmana Balaji - University of Melbourne
Ratilal Lalloo - Griffith University
Tea Lallukka - Finnish Inst Occupat Hlth, Disabil Prevent Res Ctr, Helsinki, Finland
Hilton Lam - NIH, Inst Hlth Policy & Dev Studies, Manila, Philippines
Qing Lan - NCI, Rockville, MD USA
Van C. Lansingh - Help Me See Inc, New York, NY USA
Heidi J. Larson - Inst Hlth Metr & Evaluat, 2301 5th Ave,Suite 600, Seattle, WA 98121 USA
Anders Larsson - Uppsala University
Dennis O. Laryea - Komfo Anokye Teaching Hosp, Kumasi, Ghana
Pablo M. Lavados - Univ Desarrollo, Serv Neurol, Clin Alemana, Santiago, Chile
Alicia E. Lawrynowicz - Inst Nacl Epidemiol Dr Juan H Jara, Mar Del Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
Janet L. Leasher - Nova Southeastern University
Jong-Tae Lee - University of Seoul
James Leigh - University of Sydney
Ricky Leung - SUNY Albany, Rensselaer, NY USA
Miriam Levi - Florence
Yichong Li - Natl Ctr Chron & Noncommunicable Dis Control & Pr, Beijing, Peoples R China
Yongmei Li
Juan Liang - Sichuan University
Xiaofeng Liang - Chinese Center For Disease Control and Prevention
Stephen S. Lim - Inst Hlth Metr & Evaluat, 2301 5th Ave,Suite 600, Seattle, WA 98121 USA
M. Patrice Lindsay - University of Toronto
Steven E. Lipshultz - Wayne State University
Shiwei Liu - Natl Ctr Chron & Noncommunicable Dis Control & Pr, Beijing, Peoples R China
Yang Liu - Emory University
Belinda K. Lloyd - Monash University
Giancarlo Logroscino - University of Bari Aldo Moro
Stephanie J. London - Triangle
Nancy Lopez - Natl Inst Publ Hlth, Mexico City, DF, Mexico
Joannie Lortet-Tieulent - Amer Canc Soc, Atlanta, GA USA
Paulo A. Lotufo - Univ Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
Rafael Lozano - Inst Hlth Metr & Evaluat, 2301 5th Ave,Suite 600, Seattle, WA 98121 USA
Raimundas Lunevicius - University of Liverpool
Jixiang Ma - Natl Ctr Chron & Noncommunicable Dis Control & Pr, Beijing, Peoples R China
Stefan Ma - Minist Hlth Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
Vasco M. P. Machado - Northern (Arctic) Federal University
Michael F. MacIntyre - Inst Hlth Metr & Evaluat, 2301 5th Ave,Suite 600, Seattle, WA 98121 USA
Carlos Magis-Rodriguez - Secretaria Salud Mexico, Ctr Nacl Prevenc & Control VIH SIDA, Mexico City, DF, Mexico
Abbas A. Mahdi - University of Lucknow
Marek Majdan - Trnava Univ, Fac Hlth Sci & Social Work, Trnava, Slovakia
Reza Malekzadeh - Shariati Hosp, Digest Dis Reseach Inst, Tehran, Iran
Srikanth Mangalam - Tech Stand & Safety Author, Toronto, ON, Canada
Christopher C. Mapoma
Marape Marape - Botswana Baylor Childrens Clin Ctr Excellence, Gaborone, Botswana
Wagner Marcenes - Queen Mary University of London
David J. Margolis - Univ Penn, Philadelphia, PA USA
Christopher Margono - Inst Hlth Metr & Evaluat, 2301 5th Ave,Suite 600, Seattle, WA 98121 USA
Guy B. Marks - University of Sydney
Randall V. Martin - Dalhousie University
Melvin B. Marzan - Univ East Ramon Magsaysay Memorial, Med Ctr, Quezon City, Philippines
Mohammad T. Mashal - Minist Publ Hlth, Kabul, Afghanistan
Felix Masiye - University of Zambia
Amanda J. Mason-Jones - Univ York, York, N Yorkshire, England
Kunihiro Matsushita - Johns Hopkins University
Richard Matzopoulos - College Station Medical Center
Bongani M. Mayosi - University of Cape Town
Tasara T. Mazorodze - Automot Ind Dev Ctr Eastern Cape, Port Elizabeth, South Africa
Abigail C. Mckay - EmergentCorp, Belize City, Belize
Martin Mckee - University of London
Abigail McLain - Inst Hlth Metr & Evaluat, 2301 5th Ave,Suite 600, Seattle, WA 98121 USA
Peter A. Meaney - Supreme Council Of Health
Catalina Medina - Natl Inst Publ Hlth, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
Man Mohan Mehndiratta - Janakpuri Superspecialty Hosp, New Delhi, India
Fabiola Mejia-Rodriguez - Natl Inst Publ Hlth, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
Wubegzier Mekonnen - Univ Addis Ababa, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Yohannes A. Melaku - Mekelle University
Michele Meltzer - Thomas Jefferson University
Ziad A. Memish - Minist Hlth, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Walter Mendoza - United Nations
George A. Mensah - NIH, Ctr Translat Res & Implementat Sci, Bethesda, MD USA
Atte Meretoja - University of Melbourne
Francis Apolinary Mhimbira - Ifakara Hlth Inst, Bagamoyo, Tanzania
Renata Micha - Tufts University
Ted R. Miller - Pacific Inst Res & Evaluat, Calverton, MD USA
Edward J. Mills - University of Ottawa
Awoke Misganaw
Santosh Mishra - Resource
Norlinah Mohamed Ibrahim - College Station Medical Center
Karzan A. Mohammad - Univ Salahaddin, Erbil, Iraq
Ali H. Mokdad - Inst Hlth Metr & Evaluat, 2301 5th Ave,Suite 600, Seattle, WA 98121 USA
Glen L. Mola - University of Papua New Guinea
Lorenzo Monasta - Inst Maternal & Child Hlth, IRCCS Burlo Garofolo, Trieste, Italy
Julio C. Montaez Hernandez - Natl Inst Publ Hlth, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
Marcella Montico - Inst Maternal & Child Hlth, IRCCS Burlo Garofolo, Trieste, Italy
Ami R. Moore - Univ N Texas, Denton, TX USA
Lidia Morawska - Queensland University of Technology
Rintaro Mori - Natl Ctr Child Hlth & Dev, Setagaya Ku, Tokyo, Japan
Joanna Moschandreas - University of Crete
Wilkister N. Moturi - Egerton University
Dariush Mozaff Arian - Tufts University
Ulrich O. Mueller - Federal Reserve
Mitsuru Mukaigawara - Okinawa Chubu Hosp, Okinawa, Japan
Erin C. Mullany - Inst Hlth Metr & Evaluat, 2301 5th Ave,Suite 600, Seattle, WA 98121 USA
Kinnari S. Murthy - Publ Hlth Fdn India, Delhi, India
Mohsen Naghavi - Inst Hlth Metr & Evaluat, 2301 5th Ave,Suite 600, Seattle, WA 98121 USA
Ziad Nahas - College Station Medical Center
Aliya Naheed - International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research
Kovin S. Naidoo - University of KwaZulu-Natal
Luigi Naldi - Azienda Osped Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo, Italy
Devina Nand - Suva
Vinay Nangia - Suraj Eye Institute
K. M. Venkat Narayan - Emory University
Denis Nash - Supreme Council Of Health
Bruce Neal - George Institute for Global Health
Chakib Nejjari - College Station Medical Center
Sudan P. Neupane - University of Oslo
Charles R. Newton
Frida N. Ngalesoni - Minist Hlth & Social Welf, Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania
Jean de Dieu Ngirabega - East African Community Hlth Res Commiss, Kigali, Rwanda
Grant Nguyen - Inst Hlth Metr & Evaluat, 2301 5th Ave,Suite 600, Seattle, WA 98121 USA
Nhung T. Nguyen - Supreme Council Of Health
Mark J. Nieuwenhuijsen - Ctr Res Environm Epidemiol, Barcelona, Spain
Muhammad I. Nisar - Aga Khan Univ, Karachi, Pakistan
Jose R. Nogueira - Northern (Arctic) Federal University
Joan M. Nolla - Hosp Univ Bellvitge, Lhospitalet De Llobregat, Spain
Sandra Nolte - Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin
Ole F. Norheim - University of Bergen
Rosana E. Norman - Queensland University of Technology
Bo Norrving - Lund University
Luke Nyakarahuka - Makerere University
In-Hwan Oh - Kyung Hee University
Takayoshi Ohkubo - Teikyo University
Bolajoko O. Olusanya - Start
Saad B. Omer - Emory University
John Nelson Opio - Lira Municipal Council, Lira Dist Local Govt, Lira, Uganda
Ricardo Orozco - Natl Inst Psychiat Ramon Fuente Muniz, Mexico City, DF, Mexico
Rodolfo S. Pagcatipunan - United Lab Inc, Mandaluyong City, Philippines
Amanda W. Pain - Inst Hlth Metr & Evaluat, 2301 5th Ave,Suite 600, Seattle, WA 98121 USA
Jeyaraj D. Pandian - College Station Medical Center
Carlo Irwin A. Panelo - University of the Philippines Manila
Christina Papachristou - Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin
Eun-Kee Park - Kosin University
Charles D. Parry - College Station Medical Center
Angel J. Paternina Caicedo - University of Cartagena
Scott B. Patten - University of Calgary
Vinod K. Paul - College Station Medical Center
Boris I. Pavlin
Neil Pearce - University of London
Lilia S. Pedraza - Natl Inst Publ Hlth, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
Andrea Pedroza - Natl Inst Publ Hlth, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
Ljiljana Pejin Stokic - Econ Inst, Belgrade, Serbia
Ayfer Pekericli - Ankara
David M. Pereira - Universidade do Porto
Rogelio Perez-Padilla - Natl Inst Resp Dis, Mexico City, DF, Mexico
Fernando Perez-Ruiz - Hosp Univ Cruces, OSI EE Cruces, Baracaldo, Spain
Norberto Perico - IRCCS Mario Negri Inst Pharmacol Res, Bergamo, Italy
Samuel A. L. Perry - Washington State Dept Hlth, Kent, WA USA
Aslam Pervaiz - MED Institute
Konrad Pesudovs - Flinders University
Carrie B. Peterson - Aalborg University
Max Petzold - Hlth Metr Unit, Gothenburg, Sweden
Michael R. Phillips - Shanghai Jiao Tong University
Hwee Pin Phua - Minist Hlth Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
Dietrich Plass - Fed Environm Agcy, Sect Exposure Assessment & Environm Hlth Indicato, Berlin, Germany
Dan Poenaru - McGill University
Guilherme V. Polanczyk - Univ Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
Suzanne Polinder
Constance D. Pond - Univ Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
C. Arden Pope - Brigham Young University
Daniel Pope - University of Liverpool
Svetlana Popova - Ctr Addict & Mental Hlth, Toronto, ON, Canada
Farshad Pourmalek - University of British Columbia
John Powles - University of Cambridge
Dorairaj Prabhakaran - Ctr Chron Dis Control, New Delhi, India
Noela M. Prasad - Fred Hollows Fdn, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Dima M. Qato - University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign
Amado D. Quezada - Natl Inst Publ Hlth, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
D. Alex A. Quistberg - University of Washington
Lionel Racape - CHU La Reunion, Saint Denis, France
Anwar Rafay - Contech
Kazem Rahimi - University of Oxford
Vafa Rahimi-Movaghar - University of Tehran
Sajjad Ur Rahman - College Station Medical Center
Murugesan Raju - University of Missouri
Ivo Rakovac - WHO Reg Off Europe, Copenhagen, Denmark
Saleem M. Rana - Contech
Mayuree Rao - Brown University
Homie Razavi - Ctr Dis Anal, Louisville, CO USA
K. Srinath Reddy - Publ Hlth Fdn India, Delhi, India
Amany H. Refaat - Walden University
Juergen Rehm - Ctr Addict & Mental Hlth, Toronto, ON, Canada
Giuseppe Remuzzi - IRCCS Mario Negri Inst Pharmacol Res, Bergamo, Italy
Antonio L. Ribeiro - Federal Reserve
Patricia M. Riccio - Western University
Lee Richardson - Inst Hlth Metr & Evaluat, 2301 5th Ave,Suite 600, Seattle, WA 98121 USA
Anne Riederer - University of Washington
Margaret Robinson - Inst Hlth Metr & Evaluat, 2301 5th Ave,Suite 600, Seattle, WA 98121 USA
Anna Roca - Massachusetts Rehabilitation Commission
Alina Rodriguez - University of London
David Rojas-Rueda - Ctr Res Environm Epidemiol, Barcelona, Spain
Isabelle Romieu - WHO, IARC, Lyon, France
Luca Ronfani - Inst Maternal & Child Hlth, IRCCS Burlo Garofolo, Trieste, Italy
Robin Room - Eastern Hlth, Turning Point Alcohol & Drug Ctr, Fitzroy, Vic, Australia
Nobhojit Roy - Karolinska Institutet
George M. Ruhago - Muhimbili Univ Hlth & Allied Sci, Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania
Lesley Rushton - University of London
Nsanzimana Sabin - Rwanda Biomed Ctr, Kigali, Rwanda
Ralph L. Sacco - University of Miami
Sukanta Saha - Pk Ctr Mental Hlth, Queensland Ctr Mental Hlth Res, Brisbane, Qld, Australia
Ramesh Sahathevan - College Station Medical Center
Mohammad Ali Sahraian - University of Tehran
Joshua A. Salomon - Harvard University
Deborah Salvo - Natl Inst Publ Hlth, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
Uchechukwu K. Sampson - NIH, NHLBI, Bethesda, MD USA
Juan R. Sanabria - Case Western Reserve University
Luz Maria Sanchez - Natl Inst Publ Hlth, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
Tania G. Sanchez-Pimienta - Natl Inst Publ Hlth, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
Lidia Sanchez-Riera - University of Zurich
Logan Sandar - Inst Hlth Metr & Evaluat, 2301 5th Ave,Suite 600, Seattle, WA 98121 USA
Itamar S. Santos - Univ Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
Amir Sapkota - Supreme Council Of Health
Maheswar Satpathy - College Station Medical Center
James E. Saunders - College Station Medical Center
Monika Sawhney - Marshall University
Mete I. Saylan - Novartis Turkey, Istanbul, Turkey
Peter Scarborough - University of Oxford
Juergen C. Schmidt - Publ Hlth England, London, England
Ione J. C. Schneider - Univ Fed Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, SC, Brazil
Ben Schoettker - Heidelberg
David C. Schwebel - University of Alabama
James G. Scott - University of Queensland
Soraya Seedat - Stellenbosch University
Sadaf G. Sepanlou - University of Tehran
Berrin Serdar - Univ Colorado, Aurora, CO USA
Edson E. Servan-Mori - Natl Inst Publ Hlth, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
Gavin Shaddick - University of Bath
Saeid Shahraz - Tufts University
Teresa Shamah Levy - Natl Inst Publ Hlth, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
Siyi Shangguan - Tufts University
Jun She - Fudan University
Sara Sheikhbahaei - University of Tehran
Kenji Shibuya - The University of Tokyo
Hwashin H. Shin - Hlth Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0L2, Canada
Yukito Shinohara - Tachikawa Hosp, Tokyo, Japan
Rahman Shiri - Finnish Inst Occupat Hlth, Helsinki, Finland
Kawkab Shishani - Washington State University Spokane
Ivy Shiue - Northumbria University
Inga D. Sigfusdottir - Reykjavík University
Donald H. Silberberg - Univ Penn, Philadelphia, PA USA
Edgar P. Simard - Emory University
Shireen Sindi - Karolinska Institutet
Abhishek Singh - Int Inst Populat Sci, Bombay, Maharashtra, India
Gitanjali M. Singh - Tufts University
Jasvinder A. Singh - University of Alabama
Vegard Skirbekk - Norwegian Inst Publ Hlth, Oslo, Norway
Karen Sliwa - University of Cape Town
Michael Soljak - University of London
Samir Soneji - Dartmouth Coll, Lebanon, NH USA
Kjetil Soreide - Stavanger Univ Hosp, Stavanger, Norway
Sergey Soshnikov - Minist Hlth Russian Federat, Fed Res Inst Hlth Org & Informat, Moscow, Russia
Luciano A. Sposato - Western University
Chandrashekhar T. Sreeramareddy - College Station Medical Center
Nicolas J. C. Stapelberg - Griffith University
Vasiliki Stathopoulou - Attikon Univ Hosp, Athens, Greece
Nadine Steckling - Univ Hosp Munich, Inst & Outpatient Clin Occupat Social & Environm, Munich, Germany
Dan J. Stein - University of Cape Town
Murray B. Stein - Univ Calif San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA
Natalie Stephens - Inst Hlth Metr & Evaluat, 2301 5th Ave,Suite 600, Seattle, WA 98121 USA
Heidi Stoeckl - University of London
Kurt Straif - WHO, IARC, Lyon, France
Konstantinos Stroumpoulis - Alexandra Gen Hosp Athens, Athens, Greece
Lela Sturua - Natl Ctr Dis Control & Publ Hlth, Tbilisi, Georgia
Bruno F. Sunguya - Muhimbili Univ Hlth & Allied Sci, Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania
Soumya Swaminathan - Natl Inst Res TB, Madras, Tamil Nadu, India
Mamta Swaroop - Northwestern Univ, Chicago, IL USA
Bryan L. Sykes - Univ Calif Irvine, Irvine, CA USA
Karen M. Tabb - University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign
Ken Takahashi - Univ Occupat & Environm Hlth, Inst Ind Ecol Sci, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka 807, Japan
Roberto T. Talongwa - Minist Hlth, MINSANTE, Yaounde, Cameroon
Nikhil Tandon - College Station Medical Center
David Tanne - College Station Medical Center
Marcel Tanner - Swiss Trop & Publ Hlth Inst, Basel, Switzerland
Mohammad Tavakkoli - College Station Medical Center
Braden J. Te Ao - Auckland University of Technology
Carolina M. Teixeira - Northern (Arctic) Federal University
Martha M. Tellez Rojo - Natl Inst Publ Hlth, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
Abdullah S. Terkawi - University of Virginia
Jose Luis Texcalac-Sangrador - Natl Inst Publ Hlth, Mexico City, DF, Mexico
Sarah V. Thackway - New South Wales Hlth, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Blake Thomson - Inst Hlth Metr & Evaluat, 2301 5th Ave,Suite 600, Seattle, WA 98121 USA
Andrew L. Thorne-Lyman - Harvard University
Amanda G. Thrift - Monash University
George D. Thurston - Supreme Council Of Health
Taavi Tillmann - University of London
Myriam Tobollik - Supreme Council Of Health
Marcello Tonelli - University of Calgary
Fotis Topouzis - Aristotle University of Thessaloniki
Jeff Rey A. Towbin - Bonheur Childrens Hosp, Memphis, TN USA
Hideaki Toyoshima - Anjo Kosei Hosp, Hlth Care Ctr, Anjo City, Japan
Jeff Erson Traebert - Univ Southern Santa Catarina, Palhoca, Brazil
Bach X. Tran - Johns Hopkins University
Leonardo Trasande - Supreme Council Of Health
Matias Trillini - IRCCS Mario Negri Inst Pharmacol Res, Bergamo, Italy
Ulises Trujillo - Serv Canario Salud, Tenerife, Spain
Zacharie Tsala Dimbuene - University of Kinshasa
Miltiadis Tsilimbaris - University of Crete
Emin Murat Tuzcu - Cleveland Clin, Cleveland, OH USA
Uche S. Uchendu - Dept Vet Affairs, Washington, DC USA
Kingsley N. Ukwaja - Fed Teaching Hosp, Dept Internal Med, Abakaliki, Nigeria
Selen B. Uzun - Ankara
Steven van de Vijver - African Populat & Hlth Res Ctr, Nairobi, Kenya
Rita Van Dingenen - European Commiss, Joint Res Ctr, Ispra, Italy
Coen H. Van Gool - Natl Inst Publ Hlth & Environm, Bilthoven, Netherlands
Jim Van Os - Maastricht University
Yuri Y. Varakin
Tommi J. Vasankari - UKK Inst Hlth Promot Res, Tampere, Finland
Ana Maria N. Vasconcelos - Universidade de Brasília
Monica S. Vavilala - University of Washington
Lennert J. Veerman - University of Queensland
Gustavo Velasquez-Melendez - Univ Fed Minas Gerais, Escola Enfermagem, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
N. Venketasubramanian
Lakshmi Vijayakumar - University of Melbourne
Salvador Villalpando - Natl Inst Publ Hlth, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
Francesco S. Violante - University of Bologna
Vasiliy Victorovich Vlassov - Supreme Council Of Health
Stein Emil Vollset - Norwegian Inst Publ Hlth, Oslo, Norway
Gregory R. Wagner - Harvard University
Stephen G. Waller - Uniformed Serv Univ Hlth Sci, Bethesda, MD USA
Mitchell T. Wallin - Georgetown University
Xia Wan - Inst Hlth Metr & Evaluat, 2301 5th Ave,Suite 600, Seattle, WA 98121 USA
Haidong Wang
JianLi Wang - University of Calgary
Linhong Wang - Natl Ctr Chron & Noncommunicable Dis Control & Pr, Beijing, Peoples R China
Wenzhi Wang - Beijing Neurosurg Inst, Beijing, Peoples R China
Yanping Wang - Sichuan University
Tati S. Warouw - Minist Hlth Indonesia, NIHRD, Jakarta, Indonesia
Charlotte H. Watts - University of London
Scott Weichenthal - Hlth Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0L2, Canada
Elisabete Weiderpass - Karolinska Institutet
Robert G. Weintraub - University of Melbourne
Andrea Werdecker - Heidelberg
K. Ryan Wessells - Univ Calif Davis, Davis, CA USA
Ronny Westerman - Federal Reserve
Harvey A. Whiteford - University of Queensland
James D. Wilkinson - Wayne State University
Hywel C. Williams - University of Nottingham
Thomas N. Williams - University of London
Solomon M. Woldeyohannes - University of Gondar
Charles D. A. Wolfe - Kings Coll London, London, England
John Q. Wong - Supreme Council Of Health
Anthony D. Woolf - Royal Cornwall Hosp, Truro, Cornwall, England
Jonathan L. Wright - University of Washington
Brittany Wurtz - Inst Hlth Metr & Evaluat, 2301 5th Ave,Suite 600, Seattle, WA 98121 USA
Gelin Xu - Nanjing University
Lijing L. Yan - Duke Kunshan University
Gonghuan Yang - College Station Medical Center
Yuichiro Yano - Northwestern University
Pengpeng Ye - Natl Ctr Chron & Noncommunicable Dis Control & Pr, Beijing, Peoples R China
Muluken Yenesew - Bahir Dar University
Goekalp K. Yentuer - Ankara
Paul Yip - University of Hong Kong
Naohiro Yonemoto - Natl Ctr Neurol & Psychiat, Kodaira, Tokyo, Japan
Seok-Jun Yoon - University of Seoul
Mustafa Z. Younis - Jackson State University
Zourkaleini Younoussi - Abdou Moumouni University
Chuanhua Yu - Supreme Council Of Health
Maysaa El Sayed Zaki - College Station Medical Center
Yong Zhao - College Station Medical Center
Yingfeng Zheng - Sun Yat-sen University
Maigeng Zhou - Natl Ctr Chron & Noncommunicable Dis Control & Pr, Beijing, Peoples R China
Jun Zhu - Sichuan University
Shankuan Zhu - Zhejiang University
Xiaonong Zou - College Station Medical Center
Joseph R. Zunt - University of Washington
Alan D. Lopez - Inst Hlth Metr & Evaluat, 2301 5th Ave,Suite 600, Seattle, WA 98121 USA
Theo Vos - Inst Hlth Metr & Evaluat, 2301 5th Ave,Suite 600, Seattle, WA 98121 USA
Christopher J. Murray - Inst Hlth Metr & Evaluat, 2301 5th Ave,Suite 600, Seattle, WA 98121 USA
GBD 2013 Risk Factors
Publication Details: The Lancet (British edition), Vol.386(10010), pp.2287-2323
Publisher: Elsevier
Number of pages: 37
Grant note: NF-SI-0512-10165; NF-SI-0508-10082; ACF-2011-13-012; RP-PG-0407-10184; NF-SI-0510-10060; NF-SI-0513-10085 / National Institute for Health Research; National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) MC_U137686851; MC_U147585819; MR/K006525/1; G0400491; MR/L003120/1; MC_U147585827 / MRC; UK Research & Innovation (UKRI); Medical Research Council UK (MRC) Bill AMP; Melinda Gates Foundation; CGIAR 25253051 / Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research; Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, Japan (MEXT); Japan Society for the Promotion of Science; Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research (KAKENHI) MC_UU_12011/1; MR/L003120/1; MC_UP_A620_1014; MC_U137686851; MC_U147585827; MC_U147585824; G0400491; MR/K006525/1; MC_U147585819; U1475000001 / Medical Research Council; UK Research & Innovation (UKRI); Medical Research Council UK (MRC) RG/08/014/24067 / British Heart Foundation
Identifiers: 9913529908331
Academic Unit: Alfaisal University; King Abdulaziz University; King Faisal University
Language: English
Resource Type: Journal article