Global, regional, and national disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) for 333 diseases and injuries and healthy life expectancy (HALE) for 195 countries and territories, 1990-2016 : a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016

Simon I Hay; Amanuel Alemu Abajobir; Kalkidan Hassen Abate; Cristiana Abbafati; Kaja M Abbas; Foad Abd-Allah; Abdishakur M Abdulle; Teshome Abuka Abebo; Semaw Ferede Abera; Victor Aboyans; Laith J Abu-Raddad; Ilana N Ackerman; Isaac A Adedeji; Olatunji Adetokunboh; Ashkan Afshin; Rakesh Aggarwal; Sutapa Agrawal; Anurag Agrawal; Aliasghar Ahmad Kiadaliri; Muktar Beshir Ahmed; Amani Nidhal Aichour; Ibtihel Aichour; Miloud Taki Eddine Aichour; Sneha Aiyar; Tomi F Akinyemiju; Nadia Akseer; Faris Hasan Al Lami; Fares Alahdab; Ziyad Al-Aly; Khurshid Alam; Noore Alam; Tahiya Alam; Deena Alasfoor; Kefyalew Addis Alene; Raghib Ali; Reza Alizadeh-Navaei; Juma M Alkaabi; Ala'a Alkerwi; Francois Alla; Peter Allebeck; Christine Allen; Fatma Al-Maskari; Mohammad AbdulAziz AlMazroa; Rajaa Al-Raddadi; Ubai Alsharif; Shirina Alsowaidi; Benjamin M Althouse; Khalid A Altirkawi; Nelson Alvis-Guzman; Azmeraw T Amare; Erfan Amini; Walid Ammar; Yaw Amoako Ampem; Mustafa Geleto Ansha; Carl Abelardo T Antonio; Palwasha Anwari; Johan Arnlov; Megha Arora; Al Artaman Al Artaman; Krishna Kumar Aryal; Solomon W Asgedom; Tesfay Mehari Atey; Niguse Tadele Atnafu; Leticia Avila-Burgos; Euripide Frinel G Arthur Avokpaho; Ashish Awasthi; Shally Awasthi; Beatriz Paulina Ayala Quintanilla; Mahmoud Reza Azarpazhooh; Peter Azzopardi; Tesleem Kayode Babalola; Umar Bacha; Alaa Badawi; Kalpana Balakrishnan; Marlena S Bannick; Aleksandra Barac; Suzanne L Barker-Collo; Till Barnighausen; Simon Barquera; Lope H Barrero; Sanjay Basu; Robert Battista; Katherine E Battle; Bernhard T Baune; Shahrzad Bazargan-Hejazi; Justin Beardsley; Neeraj Bedi; Yannick Bejot; Bayu Begashaw Bekele; Michelle L Bell; Derrick A Bennett; James R Bennett; Isabela M Bensenor; Jennifer Benson; Adugnaw Berhane; Derbew Fikadu Berhe; Eduardo Bernabe; Balem Demtsu Betsu; Mircea Beuran; Addisu Shunu Beyene; Anil Bhansali; Samir Bhatt; Zulfiqar A Bhutta; Sibhatu Biadgilign; Kelly Bienhoff; Boris Bikbov; Charles Birungi; Stan Biryukov; Donal Bisanzio; Habtamu Mellie Bizuayehu; Fiona M Blyth; Dube Jara Boneya; Dipan Bose; Ibrahim R Bou-Orm; Rupert RA Bourne; Michael Brainin; Carol EG Brayne; Alexandra Brazinova; Nicholas JK Breitborde; Paul S Briant; Gabrielle Britton; Traolach S Brugha; Rachelle Buchbinder; Lemma Negesa Bulto Bulto; Blair Bumgarner; Zahid A Butt; Lucero Cahuana-Hurtado; Ewan Cameron; Ismael Ricardo Campos-Nonato; Helene Carabin; Rosario Cardenas; David O Carpenter; Juan Jesus Carrero; Austin Carter; Felix Carvalho; Daniel Casey; Carlos A Castaneda-Orjuela; Jacqueline Castillo Rivas; Chris D Castle; Ferran Catala-Lopez; Jung-Chen Chang; Fiona J Charlson; Pankaj Chaturvedi; Honglei Chen; Mirriam Chibalabala; Chioma Ezinne Chibueze; Vesper Hichilombwe Chisumpa; Abdulaal A Chitheer; Rajiv Chowdhury; Devasahayam Jesudas Christopher; Liliana G Ciobanu; Massimo Cirillo; Danny Colombara; Leslie Trumbull Cooper; Cyrus Cooper; Paolo Angelo Cortesi; Monica Cortinovis; Michael H Criqui; Elizabeth A Cromwell; Marita Cross; John A Crump; Abel Fekadu Dadi; Koustuv Dalal; Albertino Damasceno; Lalit Dandona; Rakhi Dandona; Jose das Neves; Dragos V Davitoiu; Kairat Davletov; Barbora de Courten; Diego de Leo; Hans De Steur; Louisa Degenhardt; Selina Deiparine; Robert P Dellavalle; Kebede Deribe; Amare Deribew; Don C Des Jarlais; Subhojit Dey; Samath D Dharmaratne; Preet K Dhillon; Daniel Dicker; Shirin Djalalinia; Huyen Phuc Do Huyen Phuc Do; Klara Dokova; David Teye Doku; E Ray Dorsey; Kadine Priscila Bender dos Santos; Tim R Driscoll; Manisha Dubey; Bruce Bartholow Duncan; Beth E Ebel; Michelle Echko; Ziad Ziad El-Khatib; Ahmadali Enayati; Aman Yesuf Endries; Sergey Petrovich Ermakov; Holly E Erskine; Setegn Eshetie; Babak Eshrati; Alireza Esteghamati; Kara Estep; Fanuel Belayneh Bekele Fanuel; Tamer Farag; Carla Sofia; Sa Farinha; Andre Faro; Farshad Farzadfar; Mir Sohail Fazeli; Valery L Feigin; Andrea B Feigl; Seyed-Mohammad Fereshtehnejad; Joao C Fernandes; Alize J Ferrari; Tesfaye Regassa Feyissa; Irina Filip; Florian Fischer; 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Graeme J Hankey; Yuantao Hao; Hilda L Harb; Habtamu Abera Hareri; Josep Maria Haro; Kimani M Harun; James Harvey; Mohammad Sadegh Hassanvand; Rasmus Havmoeller; Roderick J Hay; Mohammad T Hedayati; Delia Hendrie; Nathaniel J Henry; Ileana Beatriz Heredia-Pi; Pouria Heydarpour; Hans W Hoek; Howard J Hoffman; Masako Horino; Nobuyuki Horita; H Dean Hosgood; Sorin Hostiuc; Peter J Hotez; Damian G Hoy; Aung Soe Htet; Guoqing Hu; John J Huang; Chantal Huynh; Kim Moesgaard Iburg; Ehimario Uche Igumbor; Chad Ikeda; Caleb Mackay Salpeter Irvine; Kathryn H Jacobsen; Nader Jahanmehr; Mihajlo B Jakovljevic; Peter James; Simerjot K Jassal; Mehdi Javanbakht; Sudha P Jayaraman; Panniyammakal Jeemon; Paul N Jensen; Vivekanand Jha; Guohong Jiang; Denny John; Catherine O Johnson; Sarah Charlotte Johnson; Jost B Jonas; Mikk Jurisson; Zubair Kabir; Rajendra Kadel; Amaha Kahsay; Ritul Kamal; Chittaranjan Kar; Nadim E Karam; Andre Karch; Corine Kakizi Karema; Seyed M Karimi; Chante Karimkhani; Amir Kasaeian; Getachew Mullu Kassa; Nicholas J Kassebaum; Nigussie Assefa Kassaw; Anshul Kastor; Srinivasa Vittal Katikireddi; Anil Kaul; Norito Kawakami; Peter Njenga Keiyoro; Laura Kemmer; Andre Pascal Kengne; Andre Keren; Chandrasekharan Nair Kesavachandran; Yousef Saleh Khader; Ibrahim A Khalil; Ejaz Ahmad Khan; Young-Ho Khang; Abdullah T Khoja; Ardeshir Khosravi; Jagdish Khubchandani; Christian Kieling; Yun Jin Kim; Daniel Kim; Ruth W Kimokoti; Yohannes Kinfu; Adnan Kisa; Katarzyna A Kissimova-Skarbek; Niranjan Kissoon; Mika Kivimaki; Ann Kristin Knudsen; Yoshihiro Kokubo; Dhaval Kolte; Jacek A Kopec; Soewarta Kosen; Georgios A Kotsakis; Parvaiz A Koul; Ai Koyanagi; Michael Kravchenko; Kristopher J Krohn; Barthelemy Kuate Defo; Burcu Kucuk Bicer; G Anil Kumar; Pushpendra Kumar; Hmwe H Kyu; Anton Carl Jonas Lager; Dharmesh Kumar Lal; Ratilal Lalloo; Tea Lallukka; Nkurunziza Lambert; Qing Lan; Van C Lansingh; Anders Larsson; Janet L Leasher; Paul H Lee; James Leigh; Cheru Tesema Leshargie; Janni Leung; 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Mubarek Abera Mengistie; Desalegn Tadese Mengistu; George A Mensah; Atte Meretoja; Tuomo J Meretoja; Haftay Berhane Mezgebe; Renata Micha; Anoushka Millear; Ted R Miller; Shawn Minnig; Mojde Mirarefin; Erkin M Mirrakhimov; Awoke Misganaw; Shiva Raj Mishra; Philip B Mitchell; Karzan Abdulmuhsin Mohammad; Alireza Mohammadi; Shafiu Mohammed; Kedir Endris Mohammed; Muktar Sano Kedir Mohammed; Murali BV Mohan; Ali H Mokdad; Sarah K Mollenkopf; Lorenzo Monasta; Julio Cesar Montanez Hernandez; Marcella Montico; Maziar Moradi-Lakeh; Paula Moraga; Lidia Morawska; Rintaro Mori; Shane D Morrison; Mark Moses; Cliff Mountjoy-Venning; Kalayu Birhane Mruts; Ulrich O Mueller; Kate Muller; Michele E Mudoch; Srinivas Murthy; Gudlavalleti Venkata Satyanarayana Murthy; Kamarul Imran Musa; Jean B Nachega; Gabriele Nagel; Mohsen Naghavi; Aliya Naheed; Kovin S Naidoo; Vinay Nangia; Jamal T Nasher; Gopalakrishnan Natarajan; Dumessa Edessa Negasa; Ionut Negoi; Ruxandra Irina Negoi; Charles R Newton; Josephine Wanjiku Ngunjiri; 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William Arthur Petri; Max Petzold; Michael Robert Phillips; Geoffrey Phipps; David M Pigott; Julian David Pillay; Christine Pinho; Michael A Piradov; Dietrich Plass; Martin A Pletcher; Svetlana Popova; Richie G Poulton; Farshad Pourmalek; Dorairaj Prabhakaran; Narayan Prasad; Carrie Purcell; Manorama Purwar; Mostafa Qorbani; Rynaz HS Rabiee; Amir Radfar; Anwar Rafay; Kazem Rahimi; Afarin Rahimi-Movaghar; Vafa Rahimi-Movaghar; Mahfuzar Rahman; Muhammad Aziz Rahman; Mohammad Hifz Ur Rahman; Rajesh Kumar Rai; Sasa Rajsic; Usha Ram; Chhabi Lal Ranabhat; Thara Rangaswamy; Zane Rankin; Paturi Vishnupriya Rao; Puja C Rao; Salman Rawaf; Sarah E Ray; Robert C Reiner; Nikolas Reinig; Marissa Reitsma; Giuseppe Remuzzi; Andre MN Renzaho; Serge Resnikoff; Satar Rezaei; Antonio L Ribeiro; Hirbo Shore Roba; Stephen R Robinson; David Rojas-Rueda; Mohammad Bagher Rokni; Luca Ronfani; Gholamreza Roshandel; Gregory A Roth; Dietrich Rothenbacher; Ambuj Roy; Enrico Rubagotti; George Mugambage Ruhago; Soheil Saadat; 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Global, regional, and national disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) for 333 diseases and injuries and healthy life expectancy (HALE) for 195 countries and territories, 1990-2016 : a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016

Journal article

Peer reviewed

Global, regional, and national disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) for 333 diseases and injuries and healthy life expectancy (HALE) for 195 countries and territories, 1990-2016 : a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016

Simon I Hay, Amanuel Alemu Abajobir, Kalkidan Hassen Abate, Cristiana Abbafati, Kaja M Abbas, Foad Abd-Allah, Abdishakur M Abdulle, Teshome Abuka Abebo, Semaw Ferede Abera, Victor Aboyans, …

2017

Abstract

AFRICA

ASSOCIATION

AUSTRALIA

EPIDEMIOLOGIC TRANSITION

HIV

Medicine and Health Sciences

MORTALITY

PLASMODIUM-FALCIPARUM

PREVALENCE

THERAPY

WEIGHTS

Background: Measurement of changes in health across locations is useful to compare and contrast changing epidemiological patterns against health system performance and identify specific needs for resource allocation in research, policy development, and programme decision making. Using the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2016, we drew from two widely used summary measures to monitor such changes in population health: disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) and healthy life expectancy (HALE). We used these measures to track trends and benchmark progress compared with expected trends on the basis of the Socio-demographic Index (SDI). Methods: We used results from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2016 for all-cause mortality, cause-specific mortality, and non-fatal disease burden to derive HALE and DALYs by sex for 195 countries and territories from 1990 to 2016. We calculated DALYs by summing years of life lost and years of life lived with disability for each location, age group, sex, and year. We estimated HALE using age-specific death rates and years of life lived with disability per capita. We explored how DALYs and HALE differed from expected trends when compared with the SDI: the geometric mean of income per person, educational attainment in the population older than age 15 years, and total fertility rate. Findings: The highest globally observed HALE at birth for both women and men was in Singapore, at 75.2 years (95% uncertainty interval 71.9-78.6) for females and 72.0 years (68.8-75.1) for males. The lowest for females was in the Central African Republic (45.6 years [42.0-49.5]) and for males was in Lesotho (41.5 years [39.0-44.0]). From 1990 to 2016, global HALE increased by an average of 6.24 years (5.97-6.48) for both sexes combined. Global HALE increased by 6.04 years (5.74-6.27) for males and 6.49 years (6.08-6.77) for females, whereas HALE at age 65 years increased by 1.78 years (1.61-1.93) for males and 1.96 years (1.69-2.13) for females. Total global DALYs remained largely unchanged from 1990 to 2016 (-2.3% [-5.9 to 0.9]), with decreases in communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional (CMNN) disease DALYs offset by increased DALYs due to non-communicable diseases (NCDs). The exemplars, calculated as the five lowest ratios of observed to expected age-standardised DALY rates in 2016, were Nicaragua, Costa Rica, the Maldives, Peru, and Israel. The leading three causes of DALYs globally were ischaemic heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, and lower respiratory infections, comprising 16.1% of all DALYs. Total DALYs and age-standardised DALY rates due to most CMNN causes decreased from 1990 to 2016. Conversely, the total DALY burden rose for most NCDs; however, age-standardised DALY rates due to NCDs declined globally. Interpretation: At a global level, DALYs and HALE continue to show improvements. At the same time, we observe that many populations are facing growing functional health loss. Rising SDI was associated with increases in cumulative years of life lived with disability and decreases in CMNN DALYs offset by increased NCD DALYs. Relative compression of morbidity highlights the importance of continued health interventions, which has changed in most locations in pace with the gross domestic product per person, education, and family planning. The analysis of DALYs and HALE and their relationship to SDI represents a robust framework with which to benchmark location-specific health performance. Country-specific drivers of disease burden, particularly for causes with higher-than-expected DALYs, should inform health policies, health system improvement initiatives, targeted prevention efforts, and development assistance for health, including financial and research investments for all countries, regardless of their level of sociodemographic development. The presence of countries that substantially outperform others suggests the need for increased scrutiny for proven examples of best practices, which can help to extend gains, whereas the presence of underperforming countries suggests the need for devotion of extra attention to health systems that need more robust support.

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Title: Global, regional, and national disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) for 333 diseases and injuries and healthy life expectancy (HALE) for 195 countries and territories, 1990-2016 : a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016
Creators - without role: Simon I Hay
Amanuel Alemu Abajobir
Kalkidan Hassen Abate
Cristiana Abbafati
Kaja M Abbas
Foad Abd-Allah
Abdishakur M Abdulle
Teshome Abuka Abebo
Semaw Ferede Abera
Victor Aboyans
Laith J Abu-Raddad
Ilana N Ackerman
Isaac A Adedeji
Olatunji Adetokunboh
Ashkan Afshin
Rakesh Aggarwal
Sutapa Agrawal
Anurag Agrawal
Aliasghar Ahmad Kiadaliri
Muktar Beshir Ahmed
Amani Nidhal Aichour
Ibtihel Aichour
Miloud Taki Eddine Aichour
Sneha Aiyar
Tomi F Akinyemiju
Nadia Akseer
Faris Hasan Al Lami
Fares Alahdab
Ziyad Al-Aly
Khurshid Alam
Noore Alam
Tahiya Alam
Deena Alasfoor
Kefyalew Addis Alene
Raghib Ali
Reza Alizadeh-Navaei
Juma M Alkaabi
Ala'a Alkerwi
Francois Alla
Peter Allebeck
Christine Allen
Fatma Al-Maskari
Mohammad AbdulAziz AlMazroa
Rajaa Al-Raddadi
Ubai Alsharif
Shirina Alsowaidi
Benjamin M Althouse
Khalid A Altirkawi
Nelson Alvis-Guzman
Azmeraw T Amare
Erfan Amini
Walid Ammar
Yaw Amoako Ampem
Mustafa Geleto Ansha
Carl Abelardo T Antonio
Palwasha Anwari
Johan Arnlov
Megha Arora
Al Artaman Al Artaman
Krishna Kumar Aryal
Solomon W Asgedom
Tesfay Mehari Atey
Niguse Tadele Atnafu
Leticia Avila-Burgos
Euripide Frinel G Arthur Avokpaho
Ashish Awasthi
Shally Awasthi
Beatriz Paulina Ayala Quintanilla
Mahmoud Reza Azarpazhooh
Peter Azzopardi
Tesleem Kayode Babalola
Umar Bacha
Alaa Badawi
Kalpana Balakrishnan
Marlena S Bannick
Aleksandra Barac
Suzanne L Barker-Collo
Till Barnighausen
Simon Barquera
Lope H Barrero
Sanjay Basu
Robert Battista
Katherine E Battle
Bernhard T Baune
Shahrzad Bazargan-Hejazi
Justin Beardsley
Neeraj Bedi
Yannick Bejot
Bayu Begashaw Bekele
Michelle L Bell
Derrick A Bennett
James R Bennett
Isabela M Bensenor
Jennifer Benson
Adugnaw Berhane
Derbew Fikadu Berhe
Eduardo Bernabe
Balem Demtsu Betsu
Mircea Beuran
Addisu Shunu Beyene
Anil Bhansali
Samir Bhatt
Zulfiqar A Bhutta
Sibhatu Biadgilign
Kelly Bienhoff
Boris Bikbov
Charles Birungi
Stan Biryukov
Donal Bisanzio
Habtamu Mellie Bizuayehu
Fiona M Blyth
Dube Jara Boneya
Dipan Bose
Ibrahim R Bou-Orm
Rupert RA Bourne
Michael Brainin
Carol EG Brayne
Alexandra Brazinova
Nicholas JK Breitborde
Paul S Briant
Gabrielle Britton
Traolach S Brugha
Rachelle Buchbinder
Lemma Negesa Bulto Bulto
Blair Bumgarner
Zahid A Butt
Lucero Cahuana-Hurtado
Ewan Cameron
Ismael Ricardo Campos-Nonato
Helene Carabin
Rosario Cardenas
David O Carpenter
Juan Jesus Carrero
Austin Carter
Felix Carvalho
Daniel Casey
Carlos A Castaneda-Orjuela
Jacqueline Castillo Rivas
Chris D Castle
Ferran Catala-Lopez
Jung-Chen Chang
Fiona J Charlson
Pankaj Chaturvedi
Honglei Chen
Mirriam Chibalabala
Chioma Ezinne Chibueze
Vesper Hichilombwe Chisumpa
Abdulaal A Chitheer
Rajiv Chowdhury
Devasahayam Jesudas Christopher
Liliana G Ciobanu
Massimo Cirillo
Danny Colombara
Leslie Trumbull Cooper
Cyrus Cooper
Paolo Angelo Cortesi
Monica Cortinovis
Michael H Criqui
Elizabeth A Cromwell
Marita Cross
John A Crump
Abel Fekadu Dadi
Koustuv Dalal
Albertino Damasceno
Lalit Dandona
Rakhi Dandona
Jose das Neves
Dragos V Davitoiu
Kairat Davletov
Barbora de Courten
Diego de Leo
Hans De Steur
Louisa Degenhardt
Selina Deiparine
Robert P Dellavalle
Kebede Deribe
Amare Deribew
Don C Des Jarlais
Subhojit Dey
Samath D Dharmaratne
Preet K Dhillon
Daniel Dicker
Shirin Djalalinia
Huyen Phuc Do Huyen Phuc Do
Klara Dokova
David Teye Doku
E Ray Dorsey
Kadine Priscila Bender dos Santos
Tim R Driscoll
Manisha Dubey
Bruce Bartholow Duncan
Beth E Ebel
Michelle Echko
Ziad Ziad El-Khatib
Ahmadali Enayati
Aman Yesuf Endries
Sergey Petrovich Ermakov
Holly E Erskine
Setegn Eshetie
Babak Eshrati
Alireza Esteghamati
Kara Estep
Fanuel Belayneh Bekele Fanuel
Tamer Farag
Carla Sofia
Sa Farinha
Andre Faro
Farshad Farzadfar
Mir Sohail Fazeli
Valery L Feigin
Andrea B Feigl
Seyed-Mohammad Fereshtehnejad
Joao C Fernandes
Alize J Ferrari
Tesfaye Regassa Feyissa
Irina Filip
Florian Fischer
Christina Fitzmaurice
Abraham D Flaxman
Nataliya Foigt
Kyle J Foreman
Richard C Franklin
Joseph J Frostad
Nancy Fullman
Thomas Furst
Joao M Furtado
Neal D Futran
Emmanuela Gakidou
Alberto L Garcia-Basteiro
Teshome Gebre
Gebremedhin Berhe Gebregergs
Tsegaye Tewelde Gebrehiwot
Johanna M Geleijnse
Ayele Geleto
Bikila Lencha Gemechu
Hailay Abrha Gesesew
Peter W Gething
Alireza Ghajar
Katherine B Gibney
Richard F Gillum
Ibrahim Abdelmageem Mohamed Ginawi
Melkamu Dedefo Gishu
Giorgia Giussani
William W Godwin
Kashish Goel
Shifalika Goenka
Ellen M Goldberg
Philimon N Gona
Amador Goodridge
Sameer Vali Gopalani
Richard A Gosselin
Carolyn C Gotay
Atsushi Goto
Alessandra Carvalho Goulart
Nicholas Graetz
Harish Chander Gugnani
Rajeev Gupta
Prakash C Gupta
Tanush Gupta
Vipin Gupta
Rahul Gupta
Reyna A Gutierrez
Vladimir Hachinski
Nima Hafezi-Nejad
Alemayehu Desalegne Hailu
Gessessew Bugssa Hailu
Randah Ribhi Hamadeh
Samer Hamidi
Mouhanad Hammami
Alexis J Handal
Graeme J Hankey
Yuantao Hao
Hilda L Harb
Habtamu Abera Hareri
Josep Maria Haro
Kimani M Harun
James Harvey
Mohammad Sadegh Hassanvand
Rasmus Havmoeller
Roderick J Hay
Mohammad T Hedayati
Delia Hendrie
Nathaniel J Henry
Ileana Beatriz Heredia-Pi
Pouria Heydarpour
Hans W Hoek
Howard J Hoffman
Masako Horino
Nobuyuki Horita
H Dean Hosgood
Sorin Hostiuc
Peter J Hotez
Damian G Hoy
Aung Soe Htet
Guoqing Hu
John J Huang
Chantal Huynh
Kim Moesgaard Iburg
Ehimario Uche Igumbor
Chad Ikeda
Caleb Mackay Salpeter Irvine
Kathryn H Jacobsen
Nader Jahanmehr
Mihajlo B Jakovljevic
Peter James
Simerjot K Jassal
Mehdi Javanbakht
Sudha P Jayaraman
Panniyammakal Jeemon
Paul N Jensen
Vivekanand Jha
Guohong Jiang
Denny John
Catherine O Johnson
Sarah Charlotte Johnson
Jost B Jonas
Mikk Jurisson
Zubair Kabir
Rajendra Kadel
Amaha Kahsay
Ritul Kamal
Chittaranjan Kar
Nadim E Karam
Andre Karch
Corine Kakizi Karema
Seyed M Karimi
Chante Karimkhani
Amir Kasaeian
Getachew Mullu Kassa
Nicholas J Kassebaum
Nigussie Assefa Kassaw
Anshul Kastor
Srinivasa Vittal Katikireddi
Anil Kaul
Norito Kawakami
Peter Njenga Keiyoro
Laura Kemmer
Andre Pascal Kengne
Andre Keren
Chandrasekharan Nair Kesavachandran
Yousef Saleh Khader
Ibrahim A Khalil
Ejaz Ahmad Khan
Young-Ho Khang
Abdullah T Khoja
Ardeshir Khosravi
Jagdish Khubchandani
Christian Kieling
Yun Jin Kim
Daniel Kim
Ruth W Kimokoti
Yohannes Kinfu
Adnan Kisa
Katarzyna A Kissimova-Skarbek
Niranjan Kissoon
Mika Kivimaki
Ann Kristin Knudsen
Yoshihiro Kokubo
Dhaval Kolte
Jacek A Kopec
Soewarta Kosen
Georgios A Kotsakis
Parvaiz A Koul
Ai Koyanagi
Michael Kravchenko
Kristopher J Krohn
Barthelemy Kuate Defo
Burcu Kucuk Bicer
G Anil Kumar
Pushpendra Kumar
Hmwe H Kyu
Anton Carl Jonas Lager
Dharmesh Kumar Lal
Ratilal Lalloo
Tea Lallukka
Nkurunziza Lambert
Qing Lan
Van C Lansingh
Anders Larsson
Janet L Leasher
Paul H Lee
James Leigh
Cheru Tesema Leshargie
Janni Leung
Ricky Leung
Miriam Levi
Yichong Li
Yongmei Li
Xiaofeng Liang
Misgan Legesse Liben
Stephen S Lim
Shai Linn
Angela Liu
Patrick Y Liu
Shiwei Liu
Yang Liu
Rakesh Lodha
Giancarlo Logroscino
Katharine J Looker
Alan D Lopez
Stefan Lorkowski
Paulo A Lotufo
Rafael Lozano
Timothy CD Lucas
Raimundas Lunevicius
Ronan A Lyons
Erlyn Rachelle King Macarayan
Emilie R Maddison
Hassan Magdy Abd el Razek
Carlos Magis-Rodriguez
Mahdi Mahdavi
Marek Majdan
Reza Majdzadeh
Azeem Majeed
Reza Malekzadeh
Rajesh Malhotra
Deborah Carvalho Malta
Abdullah A Mamun
Helena Manguerra
Treh Manhertz
Lorenzo G Mantovani
Chabila C Mapoma
Lyn M March
Laurie B Marczak
Jose Martinez-Raga
Paulo Henrique
Viegas Martins
Francisco Rogerlndio Martins-Melo
Ira Martopullo
Winfried Marz
Manu Raj Mathur
Mohsen Mazidi
Colm McAlinden
Madeline McGaughey
John J McGrath
Martin Mckee
Suresh Mehata
Toni Meier
Kidanu Gebremariam Meles
Peter Memiah
Ziad A Memish
Walter Mendoza
Melkamu Merid Mengesha
Mubarek Abera Mengistie
Desalegn Tadese Mengistu
George A Mensah
Atte Meretoja
Tuomo J Meretoja
Haftay Berhane Mezgebe
Renata Micha
Anoushka Millear
Ted R Miller
Shawn Minnig
Mojde Mirarefin
Erkin M Mirrakhimov
Awoke Misganaw
Shiva Raj Mishra
Philip B Mitchell
Karzan Abdulmuhsin Mohammad
Alireza Mohammadi
Shafiu Mohammed
Kedir Endris Mohammed
Muktar Sano Kedir Mohammed
Murali BV Mohan
Ali H Mokdad
Sarah K Mollenkopf
Lorenzo Monasta
Julio Cesar Montanez Hernandez
Marcella Montico
Maziar Moradi-Lakeh
Paula Moraga
Lidia Morawska
Rintaro Mori
Shane D Morrison
Mark Moses
Cliff Mountjoy-Venning
Kalayu Birhane Mruts
Ulrich O Mueller
Kate Muller
Michele E Mudoch
Srinivas Murthy
Gudlavalleti Venkata Satyanarayana Murthy
Kamarul Imran Musa
Jean B Nachega
Gabriele Nagel
Mohsen Naghavi
Aliya Naheed
Kovin S Naidoo
Vinay Nangia
Jamal T Nasher
Gopalakrishnan Natarajan
Dumessa Edessa Negasa
Ionut Negoi
Ruxandra Irina Negoi
Charles R Newton
Josephine Wanjiku Ngunjiri
Cuong Tat Nguyen Cuong Tat Nguyen
Quyen Le Nguyen Quyen Le Nguyen
Grant Nguyen Grant Nguyen
Trang Huyen Nguyen Trang Huyen Nguyen
Minh Nguyen Minh Nguyen
Emma Nichols
Dina Nur Anggraini Ningrum
Vuong Minh Nong Vuong Minh Nong
Ole F Norheim
Bo Norrving
Jean Jacques N Noubiap
Alypio Nyandwi
Carla Makhlouf Obermeyer
Martin J O'Donnell
Felix Akpojene Ogbo
In-Hwan Oh
Anselm Okoro
Olanrewaju Oladimeji
Andrew Toyin Olagunju
Tinuke Oluwasefunmi Olagunju
Helen E Olsen
Bolajoko Olubukunola Olusanya
Jacob Olusegun Olusanya
Kanyin Ong
John Nelson Opio
Eyal Oren
Alberto Ortiz
Richard H Osborne
Aaron Osgood-Zimmerman
Majdi Osman
Erika Ota
Mayowa O Owolabi
Mahesh Pa
Rosana E Pacella
Basant Kumar Panda
Jeyaraj D Pandian
Christina Papachristou
Eun-Kee Park
Charles D Parry
Mahboubeh Parsaeian
Snehal T Patil
Scott B Patten
George C Patton
Deepak Paudel
Katherine Paulson
Neil Pearce
David M Pereira
Krystle Marie Perez
Norberto Perico
Konrad Pesudovs
Carrie Beth Peterson
William Arthur Petri
Max Petzold
Michael Robert Phillips
Geoffrey Phipps
David M Pigott
Julian David Pillay
Christine Pinho
Michael A Piradov
Dietrich Plass
Martin A Pletcher
Svetlana Popova
Richie G Poulton
Farshad Pourmalek
Dorairaj Prabhakaran
Narayan Prasad
Carrie Purcell
Manorama Purwar
Mostafa Qorbani
Rynaz HS Rabiee
Amir Radfar
Anwar Rafay
Kazem Rahimi
Afarin Rahimi-Movaghar
Vafa Rahimi-Movaghar
Mahfuzar Rahman
Muhammad Aziz Rahman
Mohammad Hifz Ur Rahman
Rajesh Kumar Rai
Sasa Rajsic
Usha Ram
Chhabi Lal Ranabhat
Thara Rangaswamy
Zane Rankin
Paturi Vishnupriya Rao
Puja C Rao
Salman Rawaf
Sarah E Ray
Robert C Reiner
Nikolas Reinig
Marissa Reitsma
Giuseppe Remuzzi
Andre MN Renzaho
Serge Resnikoff
Satar Rezaei
Antonio L Ribeiro
Hirbo Shore Roba
Stephen R Robinson
David Rojas-Rueda
Mohammad Bagher Rokni
Luca Ronfani
Gholamreza Roshandel
Gregory A Roth
Dietrich Rothenbacher
Ambuj Roy
Enrico Rubagotti
George Mugambage Ruhago
Soheil Saadat
Mahdi Safdarian
Saeid Safiri
Rajesh Sagar
Ramesh Sahathevan
Mohammad Ali Sahraian
Joseph Salama
Muhammad Muhammad Saleh
Joshua A Salomon
Sundeep Santosh Salvi
Abdallah M Samy
Juan Ramon Sanabria
Maria Dolores Sanchez-Nino
Damian Santomauro
Joao Vasco Santos
Itamar S Santos
Milena M Santric Milicevic
Benn Sartorius
Maheswar Satpathy
Monika Sawhney
Sonia Saxena
Kathryn Schelonka
Maria Ines Schmidt
Ione JC Schneider
Ben Schottker Ben Schottker
Aletta E Schutte
David C Schwebel
Falk Schwendicke
Soraya Seedat
Sadaf G Sepanlou
Edson E Servan-Mori
Amira Shaheen
Masood Ali Shaikh
Mansour Shamsipour
Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam
Rajesh Sharma
Jayendra Sharma
Jun She
Peilin Shi
Kenji Shibuya
Chloe Shields
Mekonnen Sisay Shiferaw
Mika Shigematsu
Rahman Shiri
Reza Shirkoohi
Shreya Shirude
Kawkab Shishani
Haitham Shoman
Soraya Siabani
Abla Mehio Sibai
Inga Dora Sigfusdottir
Donald H Silberberg
Joao Pedro Silva
Diego Augusto Santos Silva
Dayane Gabriele Alves Silveira
Jasvinder A Singh
Virendra Singh
Om Prakash Singh
Narinder Pal Singh
Dhirendra Narain Sinha
Eirini Skiadaresi
Vegard Skirbekk
Erica Leigh Slepak
David L Smith
Mari Smith
Badr HA Sobaih
Eugene Sobngwi
Michael Soljak
Reed JD Sorensen
Tatiane Cristina Moraes Sousa
Luciano A Sposato
Muawiyyah Babale Sufiyan
Rizwan Suliankatchi Abdulkader
Bruno F Sunguya
Patrick J Sur
Soumya Swaminathan
Bryan L Sykes
Dillon Sylte
Cassandra EI Szoeke
Rafael Tabares-Seisdedos
Santosh Kumar Tadakamadla
Getachew Redae Taffere
Jukka S Takala
Nikhil Tandon
David Tanne
Yihunie L Tarekegn
Mohammad Tavakkoli
Nuno Taveira
Hugh R Taylor
Teketo Kassaw Tegegne
Arash Tehrani-Banihashemi
Tesfalidet Tekelab
Girma Temam Shifa
Abdullah Sulieman Terkawi
Dawit Jember Tesfaye
Belay Tesssema
J S Thakur
Ornwipa Thamsuwan
Alice M Theadom
Andrew M Theis
Katie E Thomas
Nihal Thomas
Robert Thompson
Amanda G Thrift
Ruoyan Tobe-Gai
Myriam Tobollik
Marcello Tonelli
Roman Topor-Madry
Miguel Tortajada
Mathilde Touvier
Jefferson Traebert
Bach Xuan Tran
Christopher Troeger
Thomas Truelsen
Derrick Tsoi
Emin Murat Tuzcu
Hayley Tymeson
Stefanos Tyrovolas
Kingsley Nnanna Ukwaja
Eduardo A Undurraga
Chigozie Jesse Uneke
Rachel Updike
Olalekan A Uthman
Benjamin S. Chudi Uzochukwu
Job FM van Boven
Santosh Varughese
Tommi Vasankari
Lennert J Veerman
S Venkatesh
Narayanaswamy Venketasubramanian
Ramesh Vidavalur
Lakshmi Vijayakumar
Francesco S Violante
Abhishek Vishnu
Sergey K Vladimirov
Vasiliy Victorovich Vlassov
Stein Emil Vollset
Theo Vos
Fiseha Wadilo
Tolassa Wakayo
Mitchell T Wallin
Yuan-Pang Wang
Scott Weichenthal
Elisabete Weiderpass
Robert G Weintraub
Daniel J Weiss
Andrea Werdecker
Ronny Westerman
Harvey A Whiteford
Tissa Wijeratne
Hywel C Williams
Charles Shey Wiysonge
Belete Getahun Woldeyes
Charles DA Wolfe
Rachel Woodbrook
Anthony D Woolf
Abdulhalik Workicho
Denis Xavier
Gelin Xu
Simon Yadgir
Mohsen Yaghoubi
Bereket Yakob
Lijing L Yan
Yuichiro Yano
Pengpeng Ye
Mahari Gidey Yihdego
Hassen Hamid Yimam
Paul Yip
Naohiro Yonemoto
Seok-Jun Yoon
Marcel Yotebieng
Mustafa Z Younis
Chuanhua Yu
Zoubida Zaidi
Maysaa El Sayed Zaki
Elias Asfaw Zegeye
Zerihun Menlkalew Zenebe
Xueying Zhang
Yingfeng Zheng
Maigeng Zhou
Ben Zipkin
Sanjay Zodpey
Leo Zoeckler
Liesl Joanna Zuhlke
Christopher JL Murray
Identifiers: 9916333608331
Academic Unit: Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU); King Abdulaziz University; King Abdullah University of Science & Technology; King Saud University; Alfaisal University
Language: English
Resource Type: Journal article