Global, regional, and national incidence and mortality for HIV, tuberculosis, and malaria during 1990-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013

Christopher J L Murray; Katrina F Ortblad; Caterina Guinovart; Stephen S Lim; Timothy M Wolock; D Allen Roberts; Emily A Dansereau; Nicholas Graetz; Ryan M Barber; Jonathan C Brown; Haidong Wang; Herbert C Duber; Mohsen Naghavi; Daniel Dicker; Lalit Dandona; Joshua A Salomon; Kyle R Heuton; Kyle Foreman; David E Phillips; Thomas D Fleming; Abraham D Flaxman; Bryan K Phillips; Elizabeth K Johnson; Megan S Coggeshall; Foad Abd-Allah; Semaw Ferede Abera; Jerry P Abraham; Ibrahim Abubakar; Laith J Abu-Raddad; Niveen Me Abu-Rmeileh; Tom Achoki; Austine Olufemi Adeyemo; Arsène Kouablan Adou; José C Adsuar; Emilie Elisabet Agardh; Dickens Akena; Mazin J Al Kahbouri; Deena Alasfoor; Mohammed I Albittar; Gabriel Alcalá-Cerra; Miguel Angel Alegretti; Zewdie Aderaw Alemu; Rafael Alfonso-Cristancho; Samia Alhabib; Raghib Ali; Francois Alla; Peter J Allen; Ubai Alsharif; Elena Alvarez; Nelson Alvis-Guzman; Adansi A Amankwaa; Azmeraw T Amare; Hassan Amini; Walid Ammar; Benjamin O Anderson; Carl Abelardo T Antonio; Palwasha Anwari; Johan Arnlöv; Valentina S Arsic Arsenijevic; Ali Artaman; Rana J Asghar; Reza Assadi; Lydia S Atkins; Alaa Badawi; Kalpana Balakrishnan; Amitava Banerjee; Sanjay Basu; Justin Beardsley; Tolesa Bekele; Michelle L Bell; Eduardo Bernabe; Tariku Jibat Beyene; Neeraj Bhala; Ashish Bhalla; Zulfiqar A Bhutta; Aref Bin Abdulhak; Agnes Binagwaho; Jed D Blore; Berrak Bora Basara; Dipan Bose; Michael Brainin; Nicholas Breitborde; Carlos A Castañeda-Orjuela; Ferrán Catalá-López; Vineet K Chadha; Jung-Chen Chang; Peggy Pei-Chia Chiang; Ting-Wu Chuang; Mercedes Colomar; Leslie Trumbull Cooper; Cyrus Cooper; Karen J Courville; Benjamin C Cowie; Michael H Criqui; Rakhi Dandona; Anand Dayama; Diego De Leo; Louisa Degenhardt; Borja Del Pozo-Cruz; Kebede Deribe; Don C Des Jarlais; Muluken Dessalegn; Samath D Dharmaratne; Uğur Dilmen; Eric L Ding; Tim R Driscoll; Adnan M Durrani; Richard G Ellenbogen; Sergey Petrovich Ermakov; Alireza Esteghamati; Emerito Jose A Faraon; Farshad Farzadfar; Seyed-Mohammad Fereshtehnejad; Daniel Obadare Fijabi; Mohammad H Forouzanfar; Urbano Fra Paleo; Lynne Gaffikin; Amiran Gamkrelidze; Fortuné Gbètoho Gankpé; Johanna M Geleijnse; Bradford D Gessner; Katherine B Gibney; Ibrahim Abdelmageem Mohamed Ginawi; Elizabeth L Glaser; Philimon Gona; Atsushi Goto; Hebe N Gouda; Harish Chander Gugnani; Rajeev Gupta; Rahul Gupta; Nima Hafezi-Nejad; Randah Ribhi Hamadeh; Mouhanad Hammami; Graeme J Hankey; Hilda L Harb; Josep Maria Haro; Rasmus Havmoeller; Simon I Hay; Mohammad T Hedayati; Ileana B Heredia Pi; Hans W Hoek; John C Hornberger; H Dean Hosgood; Peter J Hotez; Damian G Hoy; John J Huang; Kim M Iburg; Bulat T Idrisov; Kaire Innos; Kathryn H Jacobsen; Panniyammakal Jeemon; Paul N Jensen; Vivekanand Jha; Guohong Jiang; Jost B Jonas; Knud Juel; Haidong Kan; Ida Kankindi; Nadim E Karam; André Karch; Corine Kakizi Karema; Anil Kaul; Norito Kawakami; Dhruv S Kazi; Andrew H Kemp; Andre Pascal Kengne; Andre Keren; Maia Kereselidze; Yousef Saleh Khader; Shams Eldin Ali Hassan Khalifa; Ejaz Ahmed Khan; Young-Ho Khang; Irma Khonelidze; Yohannes Kinfu; Jonas M Kinge; Luke Knibbs; Yoshihiro Kokubo; S Kosen; Barthelemy Kuate Defo; Veena S Kulkarni; Chanda Kulkarni; Kaushalendra Kumar; Ravi B Kumar; G Anil Kumar; Gene F Kwan; Taavi Lai; Arjun Lakshmana Balaji; Hilton Lam; Qing Lan; Van C Lansingh; Heidi J Larson; Anders Larsson; Jong-Tae Lee; James Leigh; Mall Leinsalu; Ricky Leung; Yichong Li; Yongmei Li; Graça Maria Ferreira De Lima; Hsien-Ho Lin; Steven E Lipshultz; Shiwei Liu; Yang Liu; Belinda K Lloyd; Paulo A Lotufo; Vasco Manuel Pedro Machado; Jennifer H Maclachlan; Carlos Magis-Rodriguez; Marek Majdan; Christopher Chabila Mapoma; Wagner Marcenes; Melvin Barrientos Marzan; Joseph R Masci; Mohammad Taufiq Mashal; Amanda J Mason-Jones; Bongani M Mayosi; Tasara T Mazorodze; Abigail Cecilia Mckay; Peter A Meaney; Man Mohan Mehndiratta; Fabiola Mejia-Rodriguez; Yohannes Adama Melaku; Ziad A Memish; Walter Mendoza; Ted R Miller; Edward J Mills; Karzan Abdulmuhsin Mohammad; Ali H Mokdad; Glen Liddell Mola; Lorenzo Monasta; Marcella Montico; Ami R Moore; Rintaro Mori; Wilkister Nyaora Moturi; Mitsuru Mukaigawara; Kinnari S Murthy; Aliya Naheed; Kovin S Naidoo; Luigi Naldi; Vinay Nangia; K M Venkat Narayan; Denis Nash; Chakib Nejjari; Robert G Nelson; Sudan Prasad Neupane; Charles R Newton; Marie Ng; Muhammad Imran Nisar; Sandra Nolte; Ole F Norheim; Vincent Nowaseb; Luke Nyakarahuka; In-Hwan Oh; Takayoshi Ohkubo; Bolajoko O Olusanya; Saad B Omer; John Nelson Opio; Orish Ebere Orisakwe; Jeyaraj D Pandian; Christina Papachristou; Angel J Paternina Caicedo; Scott B Patten; Vinod K Paul; Boris Igor Pavlin; Neil Pearce; David M Pereira; Aslam Pervaiz; Konrad Pesudovs; Max Petzold; Farshad Pourmalek; Dima Qato; Amado D Quezada; D Alex Quistberg; Anwar Rafay; Kazem Rahimi; Vafa Rahimi-Movaghar; Sajjad Ur Rahman; Murugesan Raju; Saleem M Rana; Homie Razavi; Robert Quentin Reilly; Giuseppe Remuzzi; Jan Hendrik Richardus; Luca Ronfani; Nobhojit Roy; Nsanzimana Sabin; Mohammad Yahya Saeedi; Mohammad Ali Sahraian; Genesis May J Samonte; Monika Sawhney; Ione J C Schneider; David C Schwebel; Soraya Seedat; Sadaf G Sepanlou; Edson E Servan-Mori; Sara Sheikhbahaei; Kenji Shibuya; Hwashin Hyun Shin; Ivy Shiue; Rupak Shivakoti; Inga Dora Sigfusdottir; Donald H Silberberg; Andrea P Silva; Edgar P Simard; Jasvinder A Singh; Vegard Skirbekk; Karen Sliwa; Samir Soneji; Sergey S Soshnikov; Chandrashekhar T Sreeramareddy; Vasiliki Kalliopi Stathopoulou; Konstantinos Stroumpoulis; Soumya Swaminathan; Bryan L Sykes; Karen M Tabb; Roberto Tchio Talongwa; Eric Yeboah Tenkorang; Abdullah Sulieman Terkawi; Alan J Thomson; Andrew L Thorne-Lyman; Jeffrey A Towbin; Jefferson Traebert; Bach X Tran; Zacharie Tsala Dimbuene; Miltiadis Tsilimbaris; Uche S Uchendu; Kingsley N Ukwaja; Selen Begüm Uzun; Andrew J Vallely; Tommi J Vasankari; N Venketasubramanian; Francesco S Violante; Vasiliy Victorovich Vlassov; Stein Emil Vollset; Stephen Waller; Mitchell T Wallin; Linhong Wang; XiaoRong Wang; Yanping Wang; Scott Weichenthal; Elisabete Weiderpass; Robert G Weintraub; Ronny Westerman; Richard A White; James D Wilkinson; Thomas Neil Williams; Solomon Meseret Woldeyohannes; John Q Wong; Gelin Xu; Yang C Yang; Yuichiro Yano; Gokalp Kadri Yentur; Paul Yip; Naohiro Yonemoto; Seok-Jun Yoon; Mustafa Younis; Chuanhua Yu; Kim Yun Jin; Maysaa El Sayed Zaki; Yong Zhao; Yingfeng Zheng; Maigeng Zhou; Jun Zhu; Xiao Nong Zou; Alan D Lopez; Theo Vos; Akademistatistik

doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(14)60844-8

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Global, regional, and national incidence and mortality for HIV, tuberculosis, and malaria during 1990-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013

Journal article

Peer reviewed

Global, regional, and national incidence and mortality for HIV, tuberculosis, and malaria during 1990-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013

Christopher J L Murray, Katrina F Ortblad, Caterina Guinovart, Stephen S Lim, Timothy M Wolock, D Allen Roberts, Emily A Dansereau, Nicholas Graetz, Ryan M Barber, Jonathan C Brown, …

The Lancet (British edition), Vol.384(9947), pp.1005-1070

13/09/2014

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(14)60844-8

PMCID: PMC4202387

PMID: 25059949

Abstract

Age Distribution

Epidemics - statistics & numerical data

Female

Global Health - trends

HIV Infections - epidemiology

Humans

Incidence

Malaria - epidemiology

Male

Mortality - trends

Organizational Objectives

Sex Distribution

Tuberculosis - epidemiology

The Millennium Declaration in 2000 brought special global attention to HIV, tuberculosis, and malaria through the formulation of Millennium Development Goal (MDG) 6. The Global Burden of Disease 2013 study provides a consistent and comprehensive approach to disease estimation for between 1990 and 2013, and an opportunity to assess whether accelerated progress has occured since the Millennium Declaration. To estimate incidence and mortality for HIV, we used the UNAIDS Spectrum model appropriately modified based on a systematic review of available studies of mortality with and without antiretroviral therapy (ART). For concentrated epidemics, we calibrated Spectrum models to fit vital registration data corrected for misclassification of HIV deaths. In generalised epidemics, we minimised a loss function to select epidemic curves most consistent with prevalence data and demographic data for all-cause mortality. We analysed counterfactual scenarios for HIV to assess years of life saved through prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) and ART. For tuberculosis, we analysed vital registration and verbal autopsy data to estimate mortality using cause of death ensemble modelling. We analysed data for corrected case-notifications, expert opinions on the case-detection rate, prevalence surveys, and estimated cause-specific mortality using Bayesian meta-regression to generate consistent trends in all parameters. We analysed malaria mortality and incidence using an updated cause of death database, a systematic analysis of verbal autopsy validation studies for malaria, and recent studies (2010-13) of incidence, drug resistance, and coverage of insecticide-treated bednets. Globally in 2013, there were 1·8 million new HIV infections (95% uncertainty interval 1·7 million to 2·1 million), 29·2 million prevalent HIV cases (28·1 to 31·7), and 1·3 million HIV deaths (1·3 to 1·5). At the peak of the epidemic in 2005, HIV caused 1·7 million deaths (1·6 million to 1·9 million). Concentrated epidemics in Latin America and eastern Europe are substantially smaller than previously estimated. Through interventions including PMTCT and ART, 19·1 million life-years (16·6 million to 21·5 million) have been saved, 70·3% (65·4 to 76·1) in developing countries. From 2000 to 2011, the ratio of development assistance for health for HIV to years of life saved through intervention was US$4498 in developing countries. Including in HIV-positive individuals, all-form tuberculosis incidence was 7·5 million (7·4 million to 7·7 million), prevalence was 11·9 million (11·6 million to 12·2 million), and number of deaths was 1·4 million (1·3 million to 1·5 million) in 2013. In the same year and in only individuals who were HIV-negative, all-form tuberculosis incidence was 7·1 million (6·9 million to 7·3 million), prevalence was 11·2 million (10·8 million to 11·6 million), and number of deaths was 1·3 million (1·2 million to 1·4 million). Annualised rates of change (ARC) for incidence, prevalence, and death became negative after 2000. Tuberculosis in HIV-negative individuals disproportionately occurs in men and boys (versus women and girls); 64·0% of cases (63·6 to 64·3) and 64·7% of deaths (60·8 to 70·3). Globally, malaria cases and deaths grew rapidly from 1990 reaching a peak of 232 million cases (143 million to 387 million) in 2003 and 1·2 million deaths (1·1 million to 1·4 million) in 2004. Since 2004, child deaths from malaria in sub-Saharan Africa have decreased by 31·5% (15·7 to 44·1). Outside of Africa, malaria mortality has been steadily decreasing since 1990. Our estimates of the number of people living with HIV are 18·7% smaller than UNAIDS's estimates in 2012. The number of people living with malaria is larger than estimated by WHO. The number of people living with HIV, tuberculosis, or malaria have all decreased since 2000. At the global level, upward trends for malaria and HIV deaths have been reversed and declines in tuberculosis deaths have accelerated. 101 countries (74 of which are developing) still have increasing HIV incidence. Substantial progress since the Millennium Declaration is an encouraging sign of the effect of global action. Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.

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Title: Global, regional, and national incidence and mortality for HIV, tuberculosis, and malaria during 1990-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013
Creators - without role: Christopher J L Murray - Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation
Katrina F Ortblad - Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation
Caterina Guinovart - Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation
Stephen S Lim - Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation
Timothy M Wolock - Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation
D Allen Roberts - Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation
Emily A Dansereau - Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation
Nicholas Graetz - Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation
Ryan M Barber - Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation
Jonathan C Brown - Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation
Haidong Wang - Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation
Herbert C Duber - Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation
Mohsen Naghavi - Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation
Daniel Dicker - Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation
Lalit Dandona - Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation
Joshua A Salomon - Harvard University Press
Kyle R Heuton - Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation
Kyle Foreman - Imperial College London
David E Phillips - Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation
Thomas D Fleming - Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation
Abraham D Flaxman - Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation
Bryan K Phillips - Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation
Elizabeth K Johnson - Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation
Megan S Coggeshall - Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation
Foad Abd-Allah - Cairo University
Semaw Ferede Abera - Mekelle University
Jerry P Abraham - The University of Texas at San Antonio
Ibrahim Abubakar - University College London
Laith J Abu-Raddad - Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar
Niveen Me Abu-Rmeileh - Birzeit University
Tom Achoki - Ministry of Health
Austine Olufemi Adeyemo - Sierra Leone Urban Research Centre
Arsène Kouablan Adou - Société de Développement des Forêts
José C Adsuar - Universidad de Extremadura
Emilie Elisabet Agardh - Public Health Agency of Sweden
Dickens Akena - Makerere University
Mazin J Al Kahbouri - Ministry of Health
Deena Alasfoor - Ministry of Health
Mohammed I Albittar - Independent, Damascus, Syria
Gabriel Alcalá-Cerra - Colciencias
Miguel Angel Alegretti - Universidad de la República
Zewdie Aderaw Alemu - Debre Markos University
Rafael Alfonso-Cristancho - University of Washington
Samia Alhabib - National Guard Health Affairs
Raghib Ali - University of Oxford
Francois Alla - Université de Lorraine
Peter J Allen - University of Belize
Ubai Alsharif - Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin
Elena Alvarez - Government of Spain
Nelson Alvis-Guzman - University of Cartagena
Adansi A Amankwaa - Albany State University
Azmeraw T Amare - University of Groningen
Hassan Amini - Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences
Walid Ammar - Ministry of Public Health
Benjamin O Anderson - University of Washington
Carl Abelardo T Antonio - University of the Philippines Manila
Palwasha Anwari - UNFPA, Kabul, Afghanistan
Johan Arnlöv - Uppsala University
Valentina S Arsic Arsenijevic - University of Belgrade
Ali Artaman - Median
Rana J Asghar - Forum
Reza Assadi - Mashhad University of Medical Sciences
Lydia S Atkins - Ministry of Health and Wellness
Alaa Badawi - Public Health Agency of Canada
Kalpana Balakrishnan - Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research
Amitava Banerjee - University of Birmingham
Sanjay Basu - Stanford University
Justin Beardsley - Oxford University Clinical Research Unit
Tolesa Bekele - Madda Walabu University
Michelle L Bell - Yale University
Eduardo Bernabe - King's College London
Tariku Jibat Beyene - Addis Ababa University
Neeraj Bhala - Wellington Hospital
Ashish Bhalla - Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research
Zulfiqar A Bhutta - Aga Khan University Nairobi
Aref Bin Abdulhak - University of Missouri–Kansas City
Agnes Binagwaho - Ministry of Health
Jed D Blore - University of Melbourne
Berrak Bora Basara - Directorate of Health
Dipan Bose - World Bank
Michael Brainin - Universität für Weiterbildung Krems
Nicholas Breitborde - University of Arizona
Carlos A Castañeda-Orjuela - Instituto Nacional de Salud
Ferrán Catalá-López - Ministry of Health
Vineet K Chadha - National Tuberculosis Institute
Jung-Chen Chang - National Taiwan University
Peggy Pei-Chia Chiang - Primary Health Care
Ting-Wu Chuang - Taipei Medical University
Mercedes Colomar - UNICEM, Montevideo, Uruguay
Leslie Trumbull Cooper - Mayo Clinic
Cyrus Cooper - University of Southampton
Karen J Courville - Hospital del Niño
Benjamin C Cowie - Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory
Michael H Criqui - University of California, San Diego
Rakhi Dandona - Public Health Foundation of India
Anand Dayama - Emory University
Diego De Leo - Griffith University
Louisa Degenhardt - UNSW Sydney
Borja Del Pozo-Cruz - University of Auckland
Kebede Deribe - Addis Ababa University
Don C Des Jarlais - Beth Israel Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
Muluken Dessalegn - Africa Medical and Research Foundation in Ethiopia, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Samath D Dharmaratne - University of Peradeniya
Uğur Dilmen - Ankara
Eric L Ding - Harvard School of Public Health, Cambridge, MA, USA
Tim R Driscoll - Sydney School of Public Health, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Adnan M Durrani - National Institutes of Health
Richard G Ellenbogen - University of Washington
Sergey Petrovich Ermakov - Institute of Social and Economic Studies of Population
Alireza Esteghamati - Tehran University of Medical Sciences
Emerito Jose A Faraon - University of the Philippines Manila
Farshad Farzadfar - Tehran University of Medical Sciences
Seyed-Mohammad Fereshtehnejad - Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society (NVS), Stockholm, Sweden
Daniel Obadare Fijabi - Heller Graduate School, Waltham, MA, USA
Mohammad H Forouzanfar - Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation
Urbano Fra Paleo - Universidad de Extremadura
Lynne Gaffikin - Stanford University School of Medicine
Amiran Gamkrelidze - National Centre for Disease Control and Public Health, Tbilisi, Georgia
Fortuné Gbètoho Gankpé - Clinique Coopérative de Parakou, Parakou, Borgou, Benin
Johanna M Geleijnse - Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands
Bradford D Gessner - Agence de Médecine Préventive
Katherine B Gibney - Monash University
Ibrahim Abdelmageem Mohamed Ginawi - University of Ha'il
Elizabeth L Glaser - Heller School for Social Policy and Management, Waltham, MA, USA
Philimon Gona - University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School
Atsushi Goto - Department of Diabetes Research, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
Hebe N Gouda - University of Queensland
Harish Chander Gugnani - Saint James School of Medicine, Kralendijk, Bonaire, Netherlands Antilles
Rajeev Gupta - Fortis Escorts Hospital, Jaipur, India
Rahul Gupta - Kanawha Charleston Health Department, Charleston, WV, USA
Nima Hafezi-Nejad - Tehran University of Medical Sciences
Randah Ribhi Hamadeh - Arabian Gulf University
Mouhanad Hammami - Wayne County Department of Health and Human Services, Detroit, MI, USA
Graeme J Hankey - University of Western Australia
Hilda L Harb - Ministry of Public Health, Beirut, Lebanon
Josep Maria Haro - Universitat de Barcelona
Rasmus Havmoeller - Karolinska Institutet
Simon I Hay - University of Oxford
Mohammad T Hedayati - Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences
Ileana B Heredia Pi - National Institute of Public Health of Mexico, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
Hans W Hoek - Parnassia Psychiatric Institute, The Hague, Netherlands
John C Hornberger - Menlo School
H Dean Hosgood - Albert Einstein College of Medicine
Peter J Hotez - Baylor College of Medicine
Damian G Hoy
John J Huang - University of New Haven
Kim M Iburg - Aarhus University
Bulat T Idrisov - Brandeis University
Kaire Innos - National Institute for Health Development, Tallinn, Estonia
Kathryn H Jacobsen - George Mason University
Panniyammakal Jeemon - Centre for Chronic Disease Control
Paul N Jensen - University of Washington
Vivekanand Jha - Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research
Guohong Jiang - Tianjin Centers for Diseases Control and Prevention, Tianjin, China
Jost B Jonas - Heidelberg
Knud Juel - The National Institute of Public Health, Copenhagen, Denmark
Haidong Kan - Fudan University
Ida Kankindi - Ministry of Health, Kigali, Rwanda
Nadim E Karam - University of Balamand
André Karch
Corine Kakizi Karema - Malaria & Other Parasitic Diseases Division, Kigali, Rwanda
Anil Kaul - Oklahoma State University
Norito Kawakami - School of Public Health, Tokyo, Japan
Dhruv S Kazi - University of California, San Francisco
Andrew H Kemp - University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
Andre Pascal Kengne - South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa
Andre Keren - Cardiology, Hadassah Ein Kerem University Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel
Maia Kereselidze - National Centre for Disease Control and Public Health, Tbilisi, Georgia
Yousef Saleh Khader - Jordan University of Science and Technology
Shams Eldin Ali Hassan Khalifa - Supreme Council Of Health
Ejaz Ahmed Khan - Health Services Academy, Islamabad, Punjab, Pakistan
Young-Ho Khang - Seoul National University
Irma Khonelidze - National Centre for Disease Control and Public Health, Tbilisi, Georgia
Yohannes Kinfu - University of Canberra
Jonas M Kinge - Norwegian Institute of Public Health
Luke Knibbs - University of Queensland
Yoshihiro Kokubo - National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center
S Kosen - Center for Community Empowerment, Health Policy & Humanities, NIHRD, Jakarta, Indonesia
Barthelemy Kuate Defo - University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
Veena S Kulkarni - Arkansas State University
Chanda Kulkarni - Rajrajeshwari Medical College & Hospital, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
Kaushalendra Kumar - International Institute for Population Sciences
Ravi B Kumar - Public Health Foundation of India
G Anil Kumar - Public Health Foundation of India
Gene F Kwan - Boston Medical Center
Taavi Lai - Fourth View Consulting, Tallinn, Estonia
Arjun Lakshmana Balaji - University of Melbourne
Hilton Lam - National Institutes of Health
Qing Lan - National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, USA
Van C Lansingh - IAPB and Vision 2020 LA, Weston, FL, USA
Heidi J Larson - London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Bloomsbury, UK
Anders Larsson - Uppsala University
Jong-Tae Lee - University of Seoul
James Leigh - University of Sydney
Mall Leinsalu - National Institute for Health Development, Tallinn, Estonia
Ricky Leung - University at Albany, State University of New York
Yichong Li - Genentech
Yongmei Li - Genentech
Graça Maria Ferreira De Lima - Unidade Local de Saude de Matosinhos, Public Health Department, Porto, Portugal
Hsien-Ho Lin - Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
Steven E Lipshultz - Wayne State University
Shiwei Liu - National Center for Chronic and Non-communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
Yang Liu - Emory University
Belinda K Lloyd
Paulo A Lotufo - University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
Vasco Manuel Pedro Machado - Northern (Arctic) Federal University
Jennifer H Maclachlan - Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory
Carlos Magis-Rodriguez - Centro Nacional para la Prevención y el Control del VIH/SIDA, Mexico City, Mexico
Marek Majdan - University of Trnava
Christopher Chabila Mapoma - University of Zambia
Wagner Marcenes - Queen Mary University of London
Melvin Barrientos Marzan - University of the East Ramon Magsaysay Medical Center, Quezon City, Philippines
Joseph R Masci - Elmhurst Hospital Center
Mohammad Taufiq Mashal - Ministry of Public Health, Kabul, Afghanistan
Amanda J Mason-Jones - University of York, York, UK
Bongani M Mayosi - University of Cape Town
Tasara T Mazorodze - AIDC EC, Port Elizabeth, Eastern Cape, South Africa
Abigail Cecilia Mckay - EmergentCorp, Belize City, Belize
Peter A Meaney - Pereleman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
Man Mohan Mehndiratta - Janakpuri Superspecialty Hospital, New Delhi, India
Fabiola Mejia-Rodriguez - National Institute of Public Health of Mexico, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
Yohannes Adama Melaku - Mekelle University
Ziad A Memish - Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Walter Mendoza - UNFPA, Lima, Peru
Ted R Miller
Edward J Mills - University of Ottawa
Karzan Abdulmuhsin Mohammad - University of Salahaddin, Erbil, Iraq
Ali H Mokdad - Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation
Glen Liddell Mola - University of Papua New Guinea
Lorenzo Monasta - Institute for Maternal and Child Health-IRCCS "Burlo Garofolo," Trieste, Italy
Marcella Montico - Institute for Maternal and Child Health-IRCCS "Burlo Garofolo," Trieste, Italy
Ami R Moore - University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA
Rintaro Mori - National Center For Child Health and Development
Wilkister Nyaora Moturi - Egerton University
Mitsuru Mukaigawara - Tokyo Medical and Dental University
Kinnari S Murthy - Public Health Foundation of India
Aliya Naheed - International Centre for Diarrhoeal Diseases Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
Kovin S Naidoo - University of KwaZulu-Natal
Luigi Naldi - Ospedale Papa Giovanni XXIII
Vinay Nangia - Suraj Eye Institute
K M Venkat Narayan - Emory University
Denis Nash - School of Public Health, City University of New York, New York, NY, USA
Chakib Nejjari - Faculty
Robert G Nelson - National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases
Sudan Prasad Neupane - University of Oslo
Charles R Newton - Kenya Medical Research Institute
Marie Ng - Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation
Muhammad Imran Nisar - Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
Sandra Nolte - Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin
Ole F Norheim - University of Bergen
Vincent Nowaseb - Namibia University of Science and Technology
Luke Nyakarahuka - Makerere University
In-Hwan Oh - Kyung Hee University
Takayoshi Ohkubo - Teikyo University
Bolajoko O Olusanya - Healthy Start
Saad B Omer - Emory University
John Nelson Opio - Northern (Arctic) Federal University
Orish Ebere Orisakwe - University of Port Harcourt
Jeyaraj D Pandian - Christian Medical College
Christina Papachristou - Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin
Angel J Paternina Caicedo - Universidad de Cartagena, Cartagena de Indias, Colombia
Scott B Patten - University of Calgary
Vinod K Paul - AIIMS, New Delhi, India
Boris Igor Pavlin - Independent, Waigani, NCD, Papua New Guinea
Neil Pearce - London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Bloomsbury, UK
David M Pereira - University of Minho
Aslam Pervaiz - Postgraduate Medical Institute, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan
Konrad Pesudovs - Flinders University
Max Petzold - University of Gothenburg
Farshad Pourmalek - University of British Columbia
Dima Qato - University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign
Amado D Quezada - National Institute of Public Health of Mexico, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
D Alex Quistberg - University of Washington
Anwar Rafay - Contech
Kazem Rahimi - University of Oxford
Vafa Rahimi-Movaghar - Tehran University of Medical Sciences
Sajjad Ur Rahman - Hamad Medical Corporation
Murugesan Raju - University of Missouri
Saleem M Rana - University of the Punjab
Homie Razavi - Center for Disease Analysis
Robert Quentin Reilly - Private consultant, Cairns, QLD, Australia
Giuseppe Remuzzi - Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research
Jan Hendrik Richardus - Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
Luca Ronfani - Institute for Maternal and Child Health-IRCCS "Burlo Garofolo," Trieste, Italy
Nobhojit Roy - BARC Hospital, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
Nsanzimana Sabin - BIO
Mohammad Yahya Saeedi - Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Mohammad Ali Sahraian - Tehran University of Medical Sciences
Genesis May J Samonte - Capital University
Monika Sawhney - Marshall University
Ione J C Schneider - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina
David C Schwebel - University of Alabama at Birmingham
Soraya Seedat - University of Cape Town
Sadaf G Sepanlou - Tehran University of Medical Sciences
Edson E Servan-Mori - National Institute of Public Health of Mexico, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
Sara Sheikhbahaei - Tehran University of Medical Sciences
Kenji Shibuya - The University of Tokyo
Hwashin Hyun Shin - Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
Ivy Shiue - Heriot-Watt University
Rupak Shivakoti - Johns Hopkins University
Inga Dora Sigfusdottir - Reykjavík University
Donald H Silberberg - University of Pennsylvania
Andrea P Silva - Instituto Nacional de Epidemiología Dr Juan H Jara, Mar del Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
Edgar P Simard - Surveillance and Health Services Research Program American Cancer Society, Atlanta, GA, USA
Jasvinder A Singh - University of Alabama at Birmingham
Vegard Skirbekk - Norwegian Institute of Public Health
Karen Sliwa - Faculty
Samir Soneji - Dartmouth College
Sergey S Soshnikov - Federal Research Institute for Health Organization and Informatics
Chandrashekhar T Sreeramareddy - Faculty
Vasiliki Kalliopi Stathopoulou - Centre Hospitalier Nord Deux-Sevres, Bressuire, France
Konstantinos Stroumpoulis - KEELPNO (Centre for Disease Control, Greece, dispatched to "Alexandra" General Hospital of Athens), Athens, Greece
Soumya Swaminathan - National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
Bryan L Sykes - University of California, Irvine
Karen M Tabb - University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign
Roberto Tchio Talongwa - Ministry of Health-MINSANTE, Yaounde, Centre, Cameroon
Eric Yeboah Tenkorang - Memorial University, St John's, NL, Canada
Abdullah Sulieman Terkawi
Alan J Thomson - Adaptive Knowledge Management, Victoria, BC, Canada
Andrew L Thorne-Lyman - Columbia University
Jeffrey A Towbin - Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center
Jefferson Traebert - University of Southern Santa Catarina, Palhoça, Santa Catarina, Brazil
Bach X Tran - Johns Hopkins University
Zacharie Tsala Dimbuene - University of Kinshasa
Miltiadis Tsilimbaris - University of Crete
Uche S Uchendu - Department of Veterans Affairs, Washington, DC, USA
Kingsley N Ukwaja - Federal Teaching Hospital Abakaliki
Selen Begüm Uzun - Ankara
Andrew J Vallely - The Kirby Institute, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Tommi J Vasankari - UKK Institute for Health Promotion Research, Tampere, Finland
N Venketasubramanian - Neuroscience Centre, Raffles Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
Francesco S Violante - University of Bologna
Vasiliy Victorovich Vlassov - Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russia
Stein Emil Vollset
Stephen Waller - Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences
Mitchell T Wallin - Georgetown University
Linhong Wang - National Center for Chronic and Non-communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
XiaoRong Wang - Shandong University
Yanping Wang - National Office for Maternal and Child Health Surveillance, Chengdu, China
Scott Weichenthal - Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
Elisabete Weiderpass - Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Stockholm, Sweden
Robert G Weintraub
Ronny Westerman - University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
Richard A White - Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Division of Infectious Disease Control and Department of Health Statistics, Division of Epidemiology, Oslo, Norway
James D Wilkinson - University of Miami
Thomas Neil Williams - Imperial College London
Solomon Meseret Woldeyohannes - University of Gondar
John Q Wong - Ateneo de Manila University
Gelin Xu - Nanjing University
Yang C Yang - University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
Yuichiro Yano - Jichi Medical University
Gokalp Kadri Yentur - Directorate of Health
Paul Yip - University of Hong Kong
Naohiro Yonemoto - National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry
Seok-Jun Yoon - University of Seoul
Mustafa Younis - Jackson State University
Chuanhua Yu - Wuhan University
Kim Yun Jin - TCM MEDICAL TK SDN BHD, Nusajaya, Johor Bahru, Malaysia
Maysaa El Sayed Zaki - Faculty
Yong Zhao - Chongqing Medical University
Yingfeng Zheng - Sun Yat-sen University
Maigeng Zhou - National Center for Chronic and Non-communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
Jun Zhu - National Office for Maternal and Child Health Surveillance, Chengdu, China
Xiao Nong Zou - Cancer Institute/Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
Alan D Lopez - University of Melbourne
Theo Vos - Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation
Akademistatistik
Publication Details: The Lancet (British edition), Vol.384(9947), pp.1005-1070
Grant note: U01 AG018947 / NIA NIH HHS KL2 TR001088 / NCATS NIH HHS Wellcome Trust 091758 / Wellcome Trust U10 CA149950 / NCI NIH HHS MC_U147585824 / Medical Research Council P50 AR060772 / NIAMS NIH HHS 099876 / Wellcome Trust DA R01 003574 / NIDA NIH HHS CDF-2013-06-012 / Department of Health UL1 TR001086 / NCATS NIH HHS MC_UU_12011/1 / Medical Research Council KL2TR001088 / NCATS NIH HHS U34 AR062891 / NIAMS NIH HHS U19 HS021110 / AHRQ HHS MC_UP_A620_1014 / Medical Research Council 095066 / Wellcome Trust G1100684 / Medical Research Council
Identifiers: 9913554008331
Academic Unit: Alfaisal University; King Saud University
Language: English
Resource Type: Journal article