Global, regional, and national levels and causes of maternal mortality during 1990-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013

Nicholas J Kassebaum; Amelia Bertozzi-Villa; Megan S Coggeshall; Katya A Shackelford; Caitlyn Steiner; Kyle R Heuton; Diego Gonzalez-Medina; Ryan Barber; Chantal Huynh; Daniel Dicker; Tara Templin; Timothy M Wolock; Ayse Abbasoglu Ozgoren; Foad Abd-Allah; Semaw Ferede Abera; Ibrahim Abubakar; Tom Achoki; Ademola Adelekan; Zanfina Ademi; Arsène Kouablan Adou; José C Adsuar; Emilie E Agardh; Dickens Akena; Deena Alasfoor; Zewdie Aderaw Alemu; Rafael Alfonso-Cristancho; Samia Alhabib; Raghib Ali; Mazin J Al Kahbouri; François Alla; Peter J Allen; Mohammad A AlMazroa; Ubai Alsharif; Elena Alvarez; Nelson Alvis-Guzmán; Adansi A Amankwaa; Azmeraw T Amare; Hassan Amini; Walid Ammar; Carl A T Antonio; Palwasha Anwari; Johan Arnlöv; Valentina S Arsic Arsenijevic; Ali Artaman; Majed Masoud Asad; Rana J Asghar; Reza Assadi; Lydia S Atkins; Alaa Badawi; Kalpana Balakrishnan; Arindam Basu; Sanjay Basu; Justin Beardsley; Neeraj Bedi; Tolesa Bekele; Michelle L Bell; Eduardo Bernabe; Tariku J Beyene; Zulfiqar Bhutta; Aref Bin Abdulhak; Jed D Blore; Berrak Bora Basara; Dipan Bose; Nicholas Breitborde; Rosario Cárdenas; Carlos A Castañeda-Orjuela; Ruben Estanislao Castro; Ferrán Catalá-López; Alanur Cavlin; Jung-Chen Chang; Xuan Che; Costas A Christophi; Sumeet S Chugh; Massimo Cirillo; Samantha M Colquhoun; Leslie Trumbull Cooper; Cyrus Cooper; Iuri da Costa Leite; Lalit Dandona; Rakhi Dandona; Adrian Davis; Anand Dayama; Louisa Degenhardt; Diego De Leo; Borja del Pozo-Cruz; Kebede Deribe; Muluken Dessalegn; Gabrielle A deVeber; Samath D Dharmaratne; Uğur Dilmen; Eric L Ding; Rob E Dorrington; Tim R Driscoll; Sergei Petrovich Ermakov; Alireza Esteghamati; Emerito Jose A Faraon; Farshad Farzadfar; Manuela Mendonca Felicio; Seyed-Mohammad Fereshtehnejad; Graça Maria Ferreira de Lima; Mohammad H Forouzanfar; Elisabeth B França; Lynne Gaffikin; Ketevan Gambashidze; Fortuné Gbètoho Gankpé; Ana C Garcia; Johanna M Geleijnse; Katherine B Gibney; Maurice Giroud; Elizabeth L Glaser; Ketevan Goginashvili; Philimon Gona; Dinorah González-Castell; Atsushi Goto; Hebe N Gouda; Harish Chander Gugnani; Rahul Gupta; Rajeev Gupta; Nima Hafezi-Nejad; Randah Ribhi Hamadeh; Mouhanad Hammami; Graeme J Hankey; Hilda L Harb; Rasmus Havmoeller; Simon I Hay; Ileana B Heredia Pi; Hans W Hoek; H Dean Hosgood; Damian G Hoy; Abdullatif Husseini; Bulat T Idrisov; Kaire Innos; Manami Inoue; Kathryn H Jacobsen; Eiman Jahangir; Sun Ha Jee; Paul N Jensen; Vivekanand Jha; Guohong Jiang; Jost B Jonas; Knud Juel; Edmond Kato Kabagambe; Haidong Kan; Nadim E Karam; André Karch; Corine Kakizi Karema; Anil Kaul; Norito Kawakami; Konstantin Kazanjan; Dhruv S Kazi; Andrew H Kemp; Andre Pascal Kengne; Maia Kereselidze; Yousef Saleh Khader; Shams Eldin Ali Hassan Khalifa; Ejaz Ahmed Khan; Young-Ho Khang; Luke Knibbs; Yoshihiro Kokubo; Soewarta Kosen; Barthelemy Kuate Defo; Chanda Kulkarni; Veena S Kulkarni; G Anil Kumar; Kaushalendra Kumar; Ravi B Kumar; Gene Kwan; Taavi Lai; Ratilal Lalloo; Hilton Lam; Van C Lansingh; Anders Larsson; Jong-Tae Lee; James Leigh; Mall Leinsalu; Ricky Leung; Xiaohong Li; Yichong Li; Yongmei Li; Juan Liang; Xiaofeng Liang; Stephen S Lim; Hsien-Ho Lin; Steven E Lipshultz; Shiwei Liu; Yang Liu; Belinda K Lloyd; Stephanie J London; Paulo A Lotufo; Jixiang Ma; Stefan Ma; Vasco Manuel Pedro Machado; Nana Kwaku Mainoo; Marek Majdan; Christopher Chabila Mapoma; Wagner Marcenes; Melvin Barrientos Marzan; Amanda J Mason-Jones; Man Mohan Mehndiratta; Fabiola Mejia-Rodriguez; Ziad A Memish; Walter Mendoza; Ted R Miller; Edward J Mills; Ali H Mokdad; Glen Liddell Mola; Lorenzo Monasta; Jonathan de la Cruz Monis; Julio Cesar Montañez Hernandez; Ami R Moore; Maziar Moradi-Lakeh; Rintaro Mori; Ulrich O Mueller; Mitsuru Mukaigawara; Aliya Naheed; Kovin S Naidoo; Devina Nand; Vinay Nangia; Denis Nash; Chakib Nejjari; Robert G Nelson; Sudan Prasad Neupane; Charles R Newton; Marie Ng; Mark J Nieuwenhuijsen; Muhammad Imran Nisar; Sandra Nolte; Ole F Norheim; Luke Nyakarahuka; In-Hwan Oh; Takayoshi Ohkubo; Bolajoko O Olusanya; Saad B Omer; John Nelson Opio; Orish Ebere Orisakwe; Jeyaraj D Pandian; Christina Papachristou; Jae-Hyun Park; Angel J Paternina Caicedo; Scott B Patten; Vinod K Paul; Boris Igor Pavlin; Neil Pearce; David M Pereira; Konrad Pesudovs; Max Petzold; Dan Poenaru; Guilherme V Polanczyk; Suzanne Polinder; Dan Pope; Farshad Pourmalek; Dima Qato; D Alex Quistberg; Anwar Rafay; Kazem Rahimi; Vafa Rahimi-Movaghar; Sajjad ur Rahman; Murugesan Raju; Saleem M Rana; Amany Refaat; Luca Ronfani; Nobhojit Roy; Tania Georgina Sánchez Pimienta; Mohammad Ali Sahraian; Joshua A Salomon; Uchechukwu Sampson; Itamar S Santos; Monika Sawhney; Felix Sayinzoga; Ione J C Schneider; Austin Schumacher; David C Schwebel; Soraya Seedat; Sadaf G Sepanlou; Edson E Servan-Mori; Marina Shakh-Nazarova; Sara Sheikhbahaei; Kenji Shibuya; Hwashin Hyun Shin; Ivy Shiue; Inga Dora Sigfusdottir; Donald H Silberberg; Andrea P Silva; Jasvinder A Singh; Vegard Skirbekk; Karen Sliwa; Sergey S Soshnikov; Luciano A Sposato; Chandrashekhar T Sreeramareddy; Konstantinos Stroumpoulis; Lela Sturua; Bryan L Sykes; Karen M Tabb; Roberto Tchio Talongwa; Feng Tan; Carolina Maria Teixeira; Eric Yeboah Tenkorang; Abdullah Sulieman Terkawi; Andrew L Thorne-Lyman; David L Tirschwell; Jeffrey A Towbin; Bach X Tran; Miltiadis Tsilimbaris; Uche S Uchendu; Kingsley N Ukwaja; Eduardo A Undurraga; Selen Begüm Uzun; Andrew J Vallely; Coen H van Gool; Tommi J Vasankari; Monica S Vavilala; N Venketasubramanian; Salvador Villalpando; Francesco S Violante; Vasiliy Victorovich Vlassov; Theo Vos; Stephen Waller; Haidong Wang; Linhong Wang; XiaoRong Wang; Yanping Wang; Scott Weichenthal; Elisabete Weiderpass; Robert G Weintraub; Ronny Westerman; James D Wilkinson; Solomon Meseret Woldeyohannes; John Q Wong; Muluemebet Abera Wordofa; Gelin Xu; Yang C Yang; Yuichiro Yano; Gokalp Kadri Yentur; Paul Yip; Naohiro Yonemoto; Seok-Jun Yoon; Mustafa Z Younis; Chuanhua Yu; Kim Yun Jin; Maysaa El Sayed Zaki; Yong Zhao; Yingfeng Zheng; Maigeng Zhou; Jun Zhu; Xiao Nong Zou; Alan D Lopez; Mohsen Naghavi; Christopher J L Murray; Rafael Lozano; Akademistatistik

doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(14)60696-6

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Global, regional, and national levels and causes of maternal mortality during 1990-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013

Journal article

Peer reviewed

Global, regional, and national levels and causes of maternal mortality during 1990-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013

Nicholas J Kassebaum, Amelia Bertozzi-Villa, Megan S Coggeshall, Katya A Shackelford, Caitlyn Steiner, Kyle R Heuton, Diego Gonzalez-Medina, Ryan Barber, Chantal Huynh, Daniel Dicker, …

The Lancet (British edition), Vol.384(9947), pp.980-1004

2014

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(14)60696-6

PMCID: PMC4255481

PMID: 24797575

Abstract

Age Distribution

Cause of Death - trends

Female

Global Health - statistics & numerical data

Global Health - trends

HIV Infections - mortality

Humans

Maternal Mortality - trends

Models, Statistical

Organizational Objectives

Pregnancy

Pregnancy Complications, Infectious - mortality

Risk Factors

Socioeconomic Factors

Time Factors

The fifth Millennium Development Goal (MDG 5) established the goal of a 75% reduction in the maternal mortality ratio (MMR; number of maternal deaths per 100,000 livebirths) between 1990 and 2015. We aimed to measure levels and track trends in maternal mortality, the key causes contributing to maternal death, and timing of maternal death with respect to delivery. We used robust statistical methods including the Cause of Death Ensemble model (CODEm) to analyse a database of data for 7065 site-years and estimate the number of maternal deaths from all causes in 188 countries between 1990 and 2013. We estimated the number of pregnancy-related deaths caused by HIV on the basis of a systematic review of the relative risk of dying during pregnancy for HIV-positive women compared with HIV-negative women. We also estimated the fraction of these deaths aggravated by pregnancy on the basis of a systematic review. To estimate the numbers of maternal deaths due to nine different causes, we identified 61 sources from a systematic review and 943 site-years of vital registration data. We also did a systematic review of reports about the timing of maternal death, identifying 142 sources to use in our analysis. We developed estimates for each country for 1990-2013 using Bayesian meta-regression. We estimated 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs) for all values. 292,982 (95% UI 261,017-327,792) maternal deaths occurred in 2013, compared with 376,034 (343,483-407,574) in 1990. The global annual rate of change in the MMR was -0·3% (-1·1 to 0·6) from 1990 to 2003, and -2·7% (-3·9 to -1·5) from 2003 to 2013, with evidence of continued acceleration. MMRs reduced consistently in south, east, and southeast Asia between 1990 and 2013, but maternal deaths increased in much of sub-Saharan Africa during the 1990s. 2070 (1290-2866) maternal deaths were related to HIV in 2013, 0·4% (0·2-0·6) of the global total. MMR was highest in the oldest age groups in both 1990 and 2013. In 2013, most deaths occurred intrapartum or postpartum. Causes varied by region and between 1990 and 2013. We recorded substantial variation in the MMR by country in 2013, from 956·8 (685·1-1262·8) in South Sudan to 2·4 (1·6-3·6) in Iceland. Global rates of change suggest that only 16 countries will achieve the MDG 5 target by 2015. Accelerated reductions since the Millennium Declaration in 2000 coincide with increased development assistance for maternal, newborn, and child health. Setting of targets and associated interventions for after 2015 will need careful consideration of regions that are making slow progress, such as west and central Africa. Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.

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Title: Global, regional, and national levels and causes of maternal mortality during 1990-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013
Creators - without role: Nicholas J Kassebaum - University of Washington
Amelia Bertozzi-Villa - University of Washington
Megan S Coggeshall - University of Washington
Katya A Shackelford - University of Washington
Caitlyn Steiner - University of Washington
Kyle R Heuton - University of Washington
Diego Gonzalez-Medina - University of Washington
Ryan Barber - University of Washington
Chantal Huynh - University of Washington
Daniel Dicker - University of Washington
Tara Templin - University of Washington
Timothy M Wolock - University of Washington
Ayse Abbasoglu Ozgoren - Hacettepe University
Foad Abd-Allah - Cairo University
Semaw Ferede Abera - Mekelle University
Ibrahim Abubakar - University College London
Tom Achoki - Ministry of Health, Gaborone, Botswana
Ademola Adelekan - Public Health Promotion Alliance, Osogbp, Nigeria
Zanfina Ademi - University of Melbourne
Arsène Kouablan Adou - Association Ivoirienne Pour Le Bien Etre Familial, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
José C Adsuar - Universidad de Extremadura
Emilie E Agardh - Institution of Public Health Sciences, Stockholm, Sweden
Dickens Akena - Makerere University
Deena Alasfoor - Ministry of Health, Muscat, Oman
Zewdie Aderaw Alemu - Debre Markos University
Rafael Alfonso-Cristancho - University of Washington
Samia Alhabib - National Guard Health Affairs
Raghib Ali - University of Oxford
Mazin J Al Kahbouri - Ministry of Health, Muscat, Oman
François Alla - Université de Lorraine
Peter J Allen - Ministry of Health, Belmopan, Cayo, Belize
Mohammad A AlMazroa - Saudi Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Ubai Alsharif - Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin
Elena Alvarez
Nelson Alvis-Guzmán - University of Cartagena
Adansi A Amankwaa - Albany State University
Azmeraw T Amare - University of Groningen
Hassan Amini - Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences
Walid Ammar - Ministry of Public Health, Beirut, Lebanon
Carl A T Antonio - University of the Philippines Manila
Palwasha Anwari - UN Population Fund, Kabul, Afghanistan
Johan Arnlöv - Uppsala University
Valentina S Arsic Arsenijevic - University of Belgrade
Ali Artaman - Median
Majed Masoud Asad - Ministry of Health, Amman, Jordan
Rana J Asghar - Field Epidemiology and Laboratory Training Program, Islamabad, Pakistan
Reza Assadi - Mashhad University of Medical Sciences
Lydia S Atkins - Ministry Of Health, Wellness, Human Services and Gender Relations, Sans Souci, Castries, Saint Lucia
Alaa Badawi - Public Health Agency of Canada
Kalpana Balakrishnan - Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research
Arindam Basu - University of Canterbury
Sanjay Basu - Stanford University
Justin Beardsley - University of Oxford
Neeraj Bedi - College of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
Tolesa Bekele - Madda Walabu University
Michelle L Bell - Yale University
Eduardo Bernabe - King's College London
Tariku J Beyene - Addis Ababa University
Zulfiqar Bhutta - Aga Khan University
Aref Bin Abdulhak - University of Missouri–Kansas City
Jed D Blore - University of Melbourne
Berrak Bora Basara - Directorate of Health
Dipan Bose - World Bank
Nicholas Breitborde - University of Arizona
Rosario Cárdenas - Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana
Carlos A Castañeda-Orjuela - Instituto Nacional de Salud
Ruben Estanislao Castro - Diego Portales University
Ferrán Catalá-López - Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Pharmacovigilance, Spanish Medicines and Healthcare Products Agency, Madrid, Spain
Alanur Cavlin - Hacettepe University
Jung-Chen Chang - National Taiwan University
Xuan Che - National Institutes of Health
Costas A Christophi - Cyprus University of Technology
Sumeet S Chugh - Cedars-Sinai Medical Center
Massimo Cirillo - University of Salerno
Samantha M Colquhoun - Centre for International Child Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
Leslie Trumbull Cooper - Mayo Clinic
Cyrus Cooper - University of Southampton
Iuri da Costa Leite - Fundação Oswaldo Cruz
Lalit Dandona - Public Health Foundation of India
Rakhi Dandona - Public Health Foundation of India
Adrian Davis - Public Health England
Anand Dayama - School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
Louisa Degenhardt - UNSW Sydney
Diego De Leo - Griffith University
Borja del Pozo-Cruz - University of Auckland
Kebede Deribe - Addis Ababa University
Muluken Dessalegn - Africa Medical and Research Foundation in Ethiopia, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Gabrielle A deVeber - University of Toronto
Samath D Dharmaratne - University of Peradeniya
Uğur Dilmen - Directorate of Health
Eric L Ding - Harvard University
Rob E Dorrington - University of Cape Town
Tim R Driscoll - University of Sydney
Sergei Petrovich Ermakov - Russian Academy of Sciences
Alireza Esteghamati - Tehran University of Medical Sciences
Emerito Jose A Faraon - University of the Philippines Manila
Farshad Farzadfar - Tehran University of Medical Sciences
Manuela Mendonca Felicio - Departamento de Saúde Pública, ARS Norte IP, Porto, Portugal
Seyed-Mohammad Fereshtehnejad - Karolinska Institutet
Graça Maria Ferreira de Lima - Public Health Department, Unidade Local de Saúde de Matosinhos, Porto, Portugal
Mohammad H Forouzanfar - Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation
Elisabeth B França - Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
Lynne Gaffikin - School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
Ketevan Gambashidze - National Centre for Disease Control and Public Health of Georgia, Tbilisi, Georgia
Fortuné Gbètoho Gankpé - Clinique Coopérative de Parakou, Parakou, Borgou, Benin
Ana C Garcia - Primary Health Care
Johanna M Geleijnse - Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands
Katherine B Gibney - Monash University
Maurice Giroud - University Hospital of Dijon, Dijon, France
Elizabeth L Glaser - Heller School for Social Policy and Management, Waltham, MA, USA
Ketevan Goginashvili - Ministry of Labour, Health and Social Affairs
Philimon Gona - University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School
Dinorah González-Castell - National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico
Atsushi Goto - Department of Diabetes Research, National Centre for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
Hebe N Gouda - University of Queensland
Harish Chander Gugnani - Saint James School of Medicine, Kralendijk, Bonaire, Netherlands
Rahul Gupta - Kanawha Charleston Health Department, Charleston, WV, USA
Rajeev Gupta - Fortis Escorts Hospital, Jaipur, India
Nima Hafezi-Nejad - Tehran University of Medical Sciences
Randah Ribhi Hamadeh - Arabian Gulf University
Mouhanad Hammami - Wayne County Department of Health and Human Services, Detroit, MI, USA
Graeme J Hankey - University of Western Australia
Hilda L Harb - Ministry of Public Health, Beirut, Lebanon
Rasmus Havmoeller - Karolinska Institutet
Simon I Hay - University of Oxford
Ileana B Heredia Pi - National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico
Hans W Hoek - Parnassia Psychiatric Institute, The Hague, Netherlands
H Dean Hosgood - Albert Einstein College of Medicine
Damian G Hoy
Abdullatif Husseini - Birzeit University
Bulat T Idrisov - Brandeis University
Kaire Innos - National Institute for Health Development, Tallinn, Estonia
Manami Inoue - Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
Kathryn H Jacobsen - George Mason University
Eiman Jahangir - Ochsner Medical Centre, New Orleans, LA, USA
Sun Ha Jee - Yonsei University
Paul N Jensen - University of Washington
Vivekanand Jha - Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research
Guohong Jiang - Tianjin Centres for Diseases Control and Prevention, Tianjin, China
Jost B Jonas - Heidelberg
Knud Juel - National Institute of Public Health, Copenhagen, Denmark
Edmond Kato Kabagambe - Vanderbilt University
Haidong Kan - Fudan University
Nadim E Karam - University of Balamand
André Karch - GBF German Research Centre for Biotechnology
Corine Kakizi Karema - Malaria and Other Parasitic Diseases Division, Kigali, Rwanda
Anil Kaul - Oklahoma State University
Norito Kawakami - School of Public Health, Tokyo, Japan
Konstantin Kazanjan - National Centre for Disease Control and Public Health of Georgia, Tbilisi, Georgia
Dhruv S Kazi - University of California, San Francisco
Andrew H Kemp - University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
Andre Pascal Kengne - South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa
Maia Kereselidze - National Centre for Disease Control and Public Health of Georgia, Tbilisi, Georgia
Yousef Saleh Khader - Jordan University of Science and Technology
Shams Eldin Ali Hassan Khalifa - Supreme Council Of Health
Ejaz Ahmed Khan - Health Services Academy, Islamabad, Pakistan
Young-Ho Khang - Seoul National University
Luke Knibbs - University of Queensland
Yoshihiro Kokubo - Department of Preventive Cardiology, Department of Preventive Medicine and Epidemiologic Informatics, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Suita, Japan
Soewarta Kosen - Centre for Community Empowerment, Health Policy and Humanities, National Institute of Health Research and Development, Jakarta, Indonesia
Barthelemy Kuate Defo - University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
Chanda Kulkarni - Rajrajeshwari Medical College and Hospital, Bangalore, India
Veena S Kulkarni - Arkansas State University
G Anil Kumar - Public Health Foundation of India
Kaushalendra Kumar - International Institute for Population Sciences
Ravi B Kumar - Public Health Foundation of India
Gene Kwan - Boston Medical Centre, Boston, MA, USA
Taavi Lai - Fourth View Consulting, Tallinn, Estonia
Ratilal Lalloo - University of Adelaide
Hilton Lam - National Institutes of Health
Van C Lansingh - International Agency for the Prevention of Blindness
Anders Larsson - Uppsala University
Jong-Tae Lee - University of Seoul
James Leigh - University of Sydney
Mall Leinsalu - National Institute for Health Development, Tallinn, Estonia
Ricky Leung - University at Albany, State University of New York
Xiaohong Li - National Centre for Birth Defects Monitoring of China, Chengdu, China
Yichong Li - National Centre for Chronic and Non-Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
Yongmei Li - Genentech
Juan Liang - West China Second University Hospital of Sichuan University
Xiaofeng Liang - Chinese Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
Stephen S Lim - Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation
Hsien-Ho Lin - College of Public Health, Taipei, Taiwan
Steven E Lipshultz - Wayne State University
Shiwei Liu - National Centre for Chronic and Non-Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
Yang Liu - University of the East Ramon Magsaysay Memorial Medical Centre, Quezon City, Philippines
Belinda K Lloyd - Monash University
Stephanie J London - Triangle
Paulo A Lotufo - University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
Jixiang Ma - National Centre for Chronic and Non-Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
Stefan Ma - Ministry of Health Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
Vasco Manuel Pedro Machado - Northern (Arctic) Federal University
Nana Kwaku Mainoo - Xpharmconsult, Kumasi, Ghana
Marek Majdan - University of Trnava
Christopher Chabila Mapoma - University of Zambia
Wagner Marcenes - Queen Mary University of London
Melvin Barrientos Marzan - University of the East Ramon Magsaysay Memorial Medical Centre, Quezon City, Philippines
Amanda J Mason-Jones - University of York, York, UK
Man Mohan Mehndiratta - Janakpuri Super Specialty Hospital, New Delhi, India
Fabiola Mejia-Rodriguez - National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico
Ziad A Memish - Saudi Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Walter Mendoza - UN Population Fund, Lima, Peru
Ted R Miller - Pacific Institute For Research and Evaluation
Edward J Mills - University of Ottawa
Ali H Mokdad - Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation
Glen Liddell Mola - University of Papua New Guinea
Lorenzo Monasta - Institute for Maternal and Child Health Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Burlo Garofolo, Trieste, Italy
Jonathan de la Cruz Monis - Bureau of International Health Cooperation, Manila City, Philippines
Julio Cesar Montañez Hernandez - National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico
Ami R Moore - University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA
Maziar Moradi-Lakeh
Rintaro Mori - National Centre for Child Health and Development, Setagaya, Tokyo, Japan
Ulrich O Mueller - Philipps University of Marburg
Mitsuru Mukaigawara - Tokyo Medical and Dental University
Aliya Naheed - International Centre for Diarrhoeal Diseases Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
Kovin S Naidoo - University of KwaZulu-Natal
Devina Nand - Suva
Vinay Nangia - Suraj Eye Institute
Denis Nash - School of Public Health, State University of New York, New York, NY, USA
Chakib Nejjari - Faculty
Robert G Nelson - National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases
Sudan Prasad Neupane - University of Oslo
Charles R Newton - Kenya Medical Research Institute
Marie Ng - Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation
Mark J Nieuwenhuijsen - Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain
Muhammad Imran Nisar - Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
Sandra Nolte - Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin
Ole F Norheim - University of Bergen
Luke Nyakarahuka - Makerere University
In-Hwan Oh - Kyung Hee Unversity, Seoul, South Korea
Takayoshi Ohkubo - Teikyo University
Bolajoko O Olusanya - Centre for Healthy Start Initiative
Saad B Omer - Emory University
John Nelson Opio - Lira District Local Government, Lira Municipal Council, Lira, Uganda
Orish Ebere Orisakwe - University of Port Harcourt
Jeyaraj D Pandian - Christian Medical College
Christina Papachristou - Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin
Jae-Hyun Park - Sungkyunkwan University
Angel J Paternina Caicedo - Universidad de Cartagena, Cartagena, Colombia
Scott B Patten - University of Calgary
Vinod K Paul - All India Institute of Medical Sciences
Boris Igor Pavlin - WHO, Waigani, Papua New Guinea
Neil Pearce - London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine
David M Pereira - University of Minho
Konrad Pesudovs - Flinders University
Max Petzold - University of Gothenburg
Dan Poenaru - McMaster University
Guilherme V Polanczyk - University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
Suzanne Polinder - Erasmus Medical Center, Department of Public Health, Rotterdam, Netherlands
Dan Pope - University of Liverpool
Farshad Pourmalek - University of British Columbia
Dima Qato - College of Pharmacy, Chicago, IL, USA
D Alex Quistberg - University of Washington
Anwar Rafay - Contech
Kazem Rahimi - University of Oxford
Vafa Rahimi-Movaghar - Tehran University of Medical Sciences
Sajjad ur Rahman - Hamad Medical Corporation
Murugesan Raju - University of Missouri
Saleem M Rana - University of the Punjab
Amany Refaat - Walden University
Luca Ronfani - Institute for Maternal and Child Health Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Burlo Garofolo, Trieste, Italy
Nobhojit Roy - Bhaba Atomic Research Center Hospital, Mumbai, India
Tania Georgina Sánchez Pimienta - National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico
Mohammad Ali Sahraian - Tehran University of Medical Sciences
Joshua A Salomon - Harvard University
Uchechukwu Sampson - Vanderbilt University
Itamar S Santos - University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
Monika Sawhney - Marshall University
Felix Sayinzoga - Ministry of Health, Kigali, Rwanda
Ione J C Schneider - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina
Austin Schumacher - Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation
David C Schwebel - University of Alabama at Birmingham
Soraya Seedat - University of Cape Town
Sadaf G Sepanlou - Tehran University of Medical Sciences
Edson E Servan-Mori - National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico
Marina Shakh-Nazarova - National Centre for Disease Control and Public Health of Georgia, Tbilisi, Georgia
Sara Sheikhbahaei - Tehran University of Medical Sciences
Kenji Shibuya - The University of Tokyo
Hwashin Hyun Shin - Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
Ivy Shiue - Heriot-Watt University
Inga Dora Sigfusdottir - Reykjavík University
Donald H Silberberg - University of Pennsylvania
Andrea P Silva - Instituto Nacional de Epidemiología Dr Juan H Jara, Mar del Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
Jasvinder A Singh - University of Alabama at Birmingham
Vegard Skirbekk - Norwegian Institute of Public Health
Karen Sliwa - Faculty
Sergey S Soshnikov - Federal Research Institute for Health Organisation and Informatics of Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
Luciano A Sposato - University of London
Chandrashekhar T Sreeramareddy - University Tunku Abdul Rahman, Kajang, Malaysia
Konstantinos Stroumpoulis - The Hellenic Centre
Lela Sturua - National Centre for Disease Control and Public Health of Georgia, Tbilisi, Georgia
Bryan L Sykes - University of California, Irvine
Karen M Tabb - University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign
Roberto Tchio Talongwa - Ministry of Public Health, Yaounde, Cameroon
Feng Tan - National Institute of Occupational Health and Poison Control, Beijing, China
Carolina Maria Teixeira - Departamento de Saúde Pública, ARS Norte IP, Porto, Portugal
Eric Yeboah Tenkorang - Memorial University, St John's, NL, Canada
Abdullah Sulieman Terkawi
Andrew L Thorne-Lyman - Columbia University
David L Tirschwell - Department of Neurology, Seattle, WA, USA
Jeffrey A Towbin - Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center
Bach X Tran - Bloomberg
Miltiadis Tsilimbaris - University of Crete
Uche S Uchendu - Department of Veterans Affairs, Washington, DC, USA
Kingsley N Ukwaja - Federal Teaching Hospital Abakaliki
Eduardo A Undurraga - Brandeis University
Selen Begüm Uzun - Ankara
Andrew J Vallely - The Kirby Institute, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Coen H van Gool - National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, Netherlands
Tommi J Vasankari - UKK Institute for Health Promotion Research, Tampere, Finland
Monica S Vavilala - University of Washington
N Venketasubramanian - Neuroscience Centre, Raffles Hospital, Singapore
Salvador Villalpando - National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico
Francesco S Violante - University of Bologna
Vasiliy Victorovich Vlassov - Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russia
Theo Vos - Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation
Stephen Waller - Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences
Haidong Wang - Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation
Linhong Wang - National Centre for Chronic and Non-Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
XiaoRong Wang - Shandong University
Yanping Wang - West China Second University Hospital of Sichuan University
Scott Weichenthal - Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
Elisabete Weiderpass - Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Stockholm, Sweden
Robert G Weintraub
Ronny Westerman - Philipps University of Marburg
James D Wilkinson - University of Miami
Solomon Meseret Woldeyohannes - University of Gondar
John Q Wong - Ateneo de Manila University
Muluemebet Abera Wordofa - Jimma University
Gelin Xu - Nanjing University
Yang C Yang - University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
Yuichiro Yano - Jichi Medical University
Gokalp Kadri Yentur - Directorate of Health
Paul Yip - University of Hong Kong
Naohiro Yonemoto - National Centre of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Japan
Seok-Jun Yoon - University of Seoul
Mustafa Z Younis - Jackson State University
Chuanhua Yu - Wuhan University
Kim Yun Jin - TCM Medical Tk, Nusajaya, Johor Bahru, Malaysia
Maysaa El Sayed Zaki - Faculty
Yong Zhao - Chongqing Medical University
Yingfeng Zheng - Sun Yat-sen University
Maigeng Zhou - National Centre for Chronic and Non-Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
Jun Zhu - West China Second University Hospital of Sichuan University
Xiao Nong Zou - Cancer Institute and Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
Alan D Lopez - University of Melbourne
Mohsen Naghavi - Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation
Christopher J L Murray - Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation
Rafael Lozano
Akademistatistik
Publication Details: The Lancet (British edition), Vol.384(9947), pp.980-1004
Grant note: CDF-2013-06-012 / Department of Health P2C HD050924 / NICHD NIH HHS MC_UU_12011/1 / Medical Research Council MC_U147585824 / Medical Research Council UL1 TR000135 / NCATS NIH HHS 099876 / Wellcome Trust MC_UP_A620_1014 / Medical Research Council MR/L003120/1 / Medical Research Council G1100684 / Medical Research Council 095066 / Wellcome Trust
Identifiers: 9913481208331
Academic Unit: Alfaisal University
Language: English
Resource Type: Journal article