Global, regional, and national levels of neonatal, infant, and under-5 mortality during 1990-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013

Haidong Wang; Chelsea A. Liddell; Matthew M. Coates; Meghan D. Mooney; Carly E. Levitz; Austin E. Schumacher; Henry Apfel; Marissa Iannarone; Bryan Phillips; Katherine T. Lofgren; Logan Sandar; Rob E. Dorrington; Ivo Rakovac; Troy A. Jacobs; Xiaofeng Liang; Maigeng Zhou; Jun Zhu; Gonghuan Yang; Yanping Wang; Shiwei Liu; Yichong Li; Ayse Abbasoglu Ozgoren; Semaw Ferede Abera; Ibrahim Abubakar; Tom Achoki; Ademola Adelekan; Zanfina Ademi; Zewdie Aderaw Alemu; Peter J. Allen; Mohammad AbdulAziz AlMazroa; Elena Alvarez; Adansi A. Amankwaa; Azmeraw T. Amare; Walid Ammar; Palwasha Anwari; Solveig Argeseanu Cunningham; Majed Masoud Asad; Reza Assadi; Amitava Banerjee; Sanjay Basu; Neeraj Bedi; Tolesa Bekele; Michelle L. Bell; Zulfi Qar Bhutta; Jed D. Blore; Berrak Bora Basara; Soufiane Boufous; Nicholas Breitborde; Nigel G. Bruce; Linh Ngoc Bui; Jonathan R. Carapetis; Rosario Cardenas; David O. Carpenter; Valeria Caso; Ruben Estanislao Castro; Ferran Catala-Lopez; Alanur Cavlin; Xuan Che; Peggy Pei-Chia Chiang; Rajiv Chowdhury; Costas A. Christophi; Ting-Wu Chuang; Massimo Cirillo; Iuri da Costa Leite; Karen J. Courville; Lalit Dandona; Rakhi Dandona; Adrian Davis; Anand Dayama; Kebede Deribe; Samath D. Dharmaratne; Mukesh K. Dherani; Ugur Dilmen; Eric L. Ding; Karen M. Edmond; Sergei Petrovich Ermakov; Farshad Farzadfar; Seyed-Mohammad Fereshtehnejad; Daniel Obadare Fijabi; Nataliya Foigt; Mohammad H. Forouzanfar; Ana C. Garcia; Johanna M. Geleijnse; Bradford D. Gessner; Ketevan Goginashvili; Philimon Gona; Atsushi Goto; Hebe N. Gouda; Mark A. Green; Karen Fern Greenwell; Harish Chander Gugnani; Rahul Gupta; Randah Ribhi Hamadeh; Mouhanad Hammami; Hilda L. Harb; Simon Hay; Mohammad T. Hedayati; H. Dean Hosgood; Damian G. Hoy; Bulat T. Idrisov; Farhad Islami; Samaya Ismayilova; Vivekanand Jha; Guohong Jiang; Jost B. Jonas; Knud Juel; Edmond Kato Kabagambe; Dhruv S. Kazi; Andre Pascal Kengne; Maia Kereselidze; Yousef Saleh Khader; Shams Eldin Ali Hassan Khalifa; Young-Ho Khang; Daniel Kim; Yohannes Kinfu; Jonas M. Kinge; Yoshihiro Kokubo; Soewarta Kosen; Barthelemy Kuate Defo; G. Anil Kumar; Kaushalendra Kumar; Ravi B. Kumar; Taavi Lai; Qing Lan; Anders Larsson; Jong-Tae Lee; Mall Leinsalu; Stephen S. Lim; Steven E. Lipshultz; Giancarlo Logroscino; Paulo A. Lotufo; Raimundas Lunevicius; Ronan Anthony Lyons; Stefan Ma; Abbas Ali Mahdi; Melvin Barrientos Marzan; Mohammad Taufi Q. Mashal; Tasara T. Mazorodze; John J. McGrath; Ziad A. Memish; Walter Mendoza; George A. Mensah; Atte Meretoja; Ted R. Miller; Edward J. Mills; Karzan Abdulmuhsin Mohammad; Ali H. Mokdad; Lorenzo Monasta; Marcella Montico; Ami R. Moore; Joanna Moschandreas; William T. Msemburi; Ulrich O. Mueller; Magdalena M. Muszynska; Mohsen Naghavi; Kovin S. Naidoo; K. M. Venkat Narayan; Chakib Nejjari; Marie Ng; Jean de Dieu Ngirabega; Mark J. Nieuwenhuijsen; Luke Nyakarahuka; Takayoshi Ohkubo; Saad B. Omer; Angel J. Paternina Caicedo; Victoria Pillay-van Wyk; Dan Pope; Farshad Pourmalek; Dorairaj Prabhakaran; Sajjad U. R. Rahman; Saleem M. Rana; Robert Quentin Reilly; David Rojas-Rueda; Luca Ronfani; Lesley Rushton; Mohammad Yahya Saeedi; Joshua A. Salomon; Uchechukwu Sampson; Itamar S. Santos; Monika Sawhney; Juergen C. Schmidt; Marina Shakh-Nazarova; Jun She; Sara Sheikhbahaei; Kenji Shibuya; Hwashin Hyun Shin; Kawkab Shishani; Ivy Shiue; Inga Dora Sigfusdottir; Jasvinder A. Singh; Vegard Skirbekk; Karen Sliwa; Sergey S. Soshnikov; Luciano A. Sposato; Vasiliki Kalliopi Stathopoulou; Konstantinos Stroumpoulis; Karen M. Tabb; Roberto Tchio Talongwa; Carolina Maria Teixeira; Abdullah Sulieman Terkawi; Alan J. Thomson; Andrew L. Thorne-Lyman; Hideaki Toyoshima; Zacharie Tsala Dimbuene; Parfait Uwaliraye; Selen Beguem Uzun; Tommi J. Vasankari; Ana Maria Nogales Vasconcelos; Vasiliy Victorovich Vlassov; Stein Emil Vollset; Stephen Waller; Xia Wan; Scott Weichenthal; Elisabete Weiderpass; Robert G. Weintraub; Ronny Westerman; James D. Wilkinson; Hywel C. Williams; Yang C. Yang; Gokalp Kadri Yentur; Paul Yip; Naohiro Yonemoto; Mustafa Younis; Chuanhua Yu; Kim Yun Jin; Maysaa El Sayed Zaki; Shankuan Zhu; Theo Vos; Alan D. Lopez; Christopher J. L. Murray

doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(14)60497-9

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Global, regional, and national levels of neonatal, infant, and under-5 mortality during 1990-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013

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Global, regional, and national levels of neonatal, infant, and under-5 mortality during 1990-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013

Haidong Wang, Chelsea A. Liddell, Matthew M. Coates, Meghan D. Mooney, Carly E. Levitz, Austin E. Schumacher, Henry Apfel, Marissa Iannarone, Bryan Phillips, Katherine T. Lofgren, …

The Lancet (British edition), Vol.384(9947), pp.957-979

13/09/2014

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(14)60497-9

PMCID: PMC4165626

PMID: 24797572

Abstract

General & Internal Medicine

Life Sciences & Biomedicine

Medicine, General & Internal

Science & Technology

Background Remarkable financial and political efforts have been focused on the reduction of child mortality during the past few decades. Timely measurements of levels and trends in under-5 mortality are important to assess progress towards the Millennium Development Goal 4 (MDG 4) target of reduction of child mortality by two thirds from 1990 to 2015, and to identify models of success. Methods We generated updated estimates of child mortality in early neonatal (age 0-6 days), late neonatal (7-28 days), postneonatal (29-364 days), childhood (1-4 years), and under-5 (0-4 years) age groups for 188 countries from 1970 to 2013, with more than 29 000 survey, census, vital registration, and sample registration datapoints. We used Gaussian process regression with adjustments for bias and non-sampling error to synthesise the data for under-5 mortality for each country, and a separate model to estimate mortality for more detailed age groups. We used explanatory mixed effects regression models to assess the association between under-5 mortality and income per person, maternal education, HIV child death rates, secular shifts, and other factors. To quantify the contribution of these different factors and birth numbers to the change in numbers of deaths in under-5 age groups from 1990 to 2013, we used Shapley decomposition. We used estimated rates of change between 2000 and 2013 to construct under-5 mortality rate scenarios out to 2030. Findings We estimated that 6.3 million (95% UI 6.0-6.6) children under-5 died in 2013, a 64% reduction from 17.6 million (17.1-18.1) in 1970. In 2013, child mortality rates ranged from 152.5 per 1000 livebirths (130.6-177.4) in Guinea-Bissau to 2.3 (1.8-2.9) per 1000 in Singapore. The annualised rates of change from 1990 to 2013 ranged from 6.8% to 0.1%. 99 of 188 countries, including 43 of 48 countries in sub-Saharan Africa, had faster decreases in child mortality during 2000-13 than during 1990-2000. In 2013, neonatal deaths accounted for 41.6% of under-5 deaths compared with 37.4% in 1990. Compared with 1990, in 2013, rising numbers of births, especially in sub-Saharan Africa, led to 1.4 million more child deaths, and rising income per person and maternal education led to 0.9 million and 2.2 million fewer deaths, respectively. Changes in secular trends led to 4.2 million fewer deaths. Unexplained factors accounted for only -1% of the change in child deaths. In 30 developing countries, decreases since 2000 have been faster than predicted attributable to income, education, and secular shift alone. Interpretation Only 27 developing countries are expected to achieve MDG 4. Decreases since 2000 in under-5 mortality rates are accelerating in many developing countries, especially in sub-Saharan Africa. The Millennium Declaration and increased development assistance for health might have been a factor in faster decreases in some developing countries. Without further accelerated progress, many countries in west and central Africa will still have high levels of under-5 mortality in 2030.

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Title: Global, regional, and national levels of neonatal, infant, and under-5 mortality during 1990-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013
Creators - without role: Haidong Wang - University of Washington
Chelsea A. Liddell - University of Washington
Matthew M. Coates - University of Washington
Meghan D. Mooney - University of Washington
Carly E. Levitz - University of Washington
Austin E. Schumacher - University of Washington
Henry Apfel - University of Washington
Marissa Iannarone - University of Washington
Bryan Phillips - University of Washington
Katherine T. Lofgren - University of Washington
Logan Sandar - University of Washington
Rob E. Dorrington - University of Cape Town
Ivo Rakovac - WHO, Reg Off Europe, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
Troy A. Jacobs - USAID, HIDN, MCH Div, Global Hlth Bur, Washington, DC USA
Xiaofeng Liang - Chinese Center For Disease Control and Prevention
Maigeng Zhou - Chinese Center For Disease Control and Prevention
Jun Zhu - Natl Off Maternal & Childs Hlth Surveillance, Chengdu, Peoples R China
Gonghuan Yang - Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College
Yanping Wang - Natl Off Maternal & Childs Hlth Surveillance, Chengdu, Peoples R China
Shiwei Liu - Chinese Center For Disease Control and Prevention
Yichong Li - Chinese Center For Disease Control and Prevention
Ayse Abbasoglu Ozgoren - Hacettepe University
Semaw Ferede Abera - Mekelle University
Ibrahim Abubakar - University College London
Tom Achoki - University of Washington
Ademola Adelekan - Publ Hlth Promot Alliance, Osogpb, Nigeria
Zanfina Ademi - University of Melbourne
Zewdie Aderaw Alemu - Markos Univ, Debre Markos, Ethiopia
Peter J. Allen - Minist Hlth, Belmopan, Cayo, Belize
Mohammad AbdulAziz AlMazroa - Saudi Minist Hlth, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Elena Alvarez
Adansi A. Amankwaa - Albany State University
Azmeraw T. Amare - University of Groningen
Walid Ammar - Minist Publ Hlth, Beirut, Lebanon
Palwasha Anwari - United Nations Population Fund
Solveig Argeseanu Cunningham - Emory University
Majed Masoud Asad - Minist Hlth, Amman, Jordan
Reza Assadi - Mashhad University of Medical Sciences
Amitava Banerjee - University of Birmingham
Sanjay Basu - Stanford University
Neeraj Bedi - College Station Medical Center
Tolesa Bekele - Madda Walabu University
Michelle L. Bell - Yale University
Zulfi Qar Bhutta - Aga Khan Univ, Med Ctr, Karachi, Pakistan
Jed D. Blore - University of Melbourne
Berrak Bora Basara - Ministry of Health
Soufiane Boufous - UNSW Sydney
Nicholas Breitborde - University of Arizona
Nigel G. Bruce - University of Liverpool
Linh Ngoc Bui - Supreme Council Of Health
Jonathan R. Carapetis - Telethon Kids Institute
Rosario Cardenas - Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana
David O. Carpenter - University at Albany, State University of New York
Valeria Caso - University of Perugia
Ruben Estanislao Castro - Univ Diego Port, Santiago, Chile
Ferran Catala-Lopez - College Station Medical Center
Alanur Cavlin - Hacettepe University
Xuan Che - National Institutes of Health
Peggy Pei-Chia Chiang - University of Melbourne
Rajiv Chowdhury - University of Cambridge
Costas A. Christophi - Cyprus University of Technology
Ting-Wu Chuang - Taipei Medical University
Massimo Cirillo - University of Salerno
Iuri da Costa Leite - Supreme Council Of Health
Karen J. Courville - Hosp Dr Gustavo N Collado, Chitre, Herrera, Panama
Lalit Dandona - Public Health Foundation of India
Rakhi Dandona - Public Health Foundation of India
Adrian Davis - Public Health England
Anand Dayama - Emory University
Kebede Deribe - Addis Ababa University
Samath D. Dharmaratne - University of Peradeniya
Mukesh K. Dherani - University of Liverpool
Ugur Dilmen - Ministry of Health
Eric L. Ding - Harvard University
Karen M. Edmond - University of Western Australia
Sergei Petrovich Ermakov - Russian Academy of Sciences
Farshad Farzadfar - Tehran University of Medical Sciences
Seyed-Mohammad Fereshtehnejad - Karolinska Institutet
Daniel Obadare Fijabi
Nataliya Foigt - Academy of Medical Sciences
Mohammad H. Forouzanfar - University of Washington
Ana C. Garcia - Primary Hlth Care Grp Almada Seixal Reg Lisbon, Publ Hlth Unit, Almada, Portugal
Johanna M. Geleijnse - Wageningen University & Research
Bradford D. Gessner - College Station Medical Center
Ketevan Goginashvili - Minist Labour Hlth & Social Aff airs, Tbilisi, Georgia
Philimon Gona - University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School
Atsushi Goto - College Station Medical Center
Hebe N. Gouda - University of Queensland
Mark A. Green - University of Sheffield
Karen Fern Greenwell - Product Innovation and Engineering (United States, Saint James) - LLC
Harish Chander Gugnani - Supreme Council Of Health
Rahul Gupta - Kanawha Charleston Hlth Dept, Charleston, WV USA
Randah Ribhi Hamadeh - Arabian Gulf University
Mouhanad Hammami - Dallas County
Hilda L. Harb - Minist Publ Hlth, Beirut, Lebanon
Simon Hay - University of Oxford
Mohammad T. Hedayati - Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences
H. Dean Hosgood - Yeshiva University
Damian G. Hoy - Secretariat of the Pacific Community
Bulat T. Idrisov - Brandeis University
Farhad Islami - Amer Canc Soc, New York, NY USA
Samaya Ismayilova
Vivekanand Jha - College Station Medical Center
Guohong Jiang - Tianjin Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Tianjin, Peoples R China
Jost B. Jonas - College Station Medical Center
Knud Juel - Natl Inst Publ Hlth, Copenhagen, Denmark
Edmond Kato Kabagambe - Vanderbilt University
Dhruv S. Kazi - Univ Calif San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA
Andre Pascal Kengne - College Station Medical Center
Maia Kereselidze - Natl Ctr Dis Control & Publ Hlth, Tbilisi, Georgia
Yousef Saleh Khader - Jordan Univ Sci & Technol, AlRamtha, Irbid, Jordan
Shams Eldin Ali Hassan Khalifa - Supreme Council Hlth, Doha, Qatar
Young-Ho Khang - MED Institute
Daniel Kim - Northeastern Univ, Boston, MA 02115 USA
Yohannes Kinfu - University of Canberra
Jonas M. Kinge - Norwegian Inst Publ Hlth, Oslo, Norway
Yoshihiro Kokubo - College Station Medical Center
Soewarta Kosen - NIHRD, Ctr Community Empowerment Hlth Policy & Humanitie, Jakarta, Indonesia
Barthelemy Kuate Defo - Univ Montreal, Montreal, PQ, Canada
G. Anil Kumar - Publ Hlth Fdn India, New Delhi, India
Kaushalendra Kumar - Int Inst Populat Sci, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
Ravi B. Kumar - Publ Hlth Fdn India, New Delhi, India
Taavi Lai - Fourth View Consulting, Tallinn, Estonia
Qing Lan - NCI, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
Anders Larsson - Uppsala University
Jong-Tae Lee - University of Seoul
Mall Leinsalu - Natl Inst Hlth Dev, Tallinn, Estonia
Stephen S. Lim - University of Washington
Steven E. Lipshultz - Wayne State University
Giancarlo Logroscino - University of Bari Aldo Moro
Paulo A. Lotufo - Univ Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
Raimundas Lunevicius - Aintree Univ Hosp NHS Fdn Trust, NHS Fdn Trust, Liverpool L9 7AL, Merseyside, England
Ronan Anthony Lyons - Swansea University
Stefan Ma - Minist Hlth Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
Abbas Ali Mahdi - University of Lucknow
Melvin Barrientos Marzan - Univ East Ramon Magsaysay, Med Ctr, Quezon City, Metro Manila, Philippines
Mohammad Taufi Q. Mashal - Minist Publ Hlth, Kabul, Afghanistan
Tasara T. Mazorodze - AIDC EC, Port Elizabeth, Eastern Cape, South Africa
John J. McGrath - University of Queensland
Ziad A. Memish - Saudi Minist Hlth, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Walter Mendoza - UNFPA, Lima, Peru
George A. Mensah - NHLBI, CTRIS, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
Atte Meretoja - University of Melbourne
Ted R. Miller - Pacific Inst Res & Evaluat, Calverton, MD USA
Edward J. Mills - University of Ottawa
Karzan Abdulmuhsin Mohammad - Univ Salahaddin, Erbil, Iraq
Ali H. Mokdad - University of Washington
Lorenzo Monasta - Inst Maternal & Child Hlth IRCCS Burlo Garofolo, Trieste, Italy
Marcella Montico - Inst Maternal & Child Hlth IRCCS Burlo Garofolo, Trieste, Italy
Ami R. Moore - Univ N Texas, Denton, TX 76203 USA
Joanna Moschandreas - University of Crete
William T. Msemburi - College Station Medical Center
Ulrich O. Mueller - Univ Marburg, Marburg, Germany
Magdalena M. Muszynska - Supreme Council Of Health
Mohsen Naghavi - University of Washington
Kovin S. Naidoo - University of KwaZulu-Natal
K. M. Venkat Narayan - Emory University
Chakib Nejjari - College Station Medical Center
Marie Ng
Jean de Dieu Ngirabega - Rwanda Biomed Ctr, Kigali, Rwanda
Mark J. Nieuwenhuijsen
Luke Nyakarahuka - Makerere University
Takayoshi Ohkubo - Teikyo University
Saad B. Omer - Emory University
Angel J. Paternina Caicedo - University of Cartagena
Victoria Pillay-van Wyk - College Station Medical Center
Dan Pope - University of Liverpool
Farshad Pourmalek - University of British Columbia
Dorairaj Prabhakaran - Ctr Chron Dis Control, New Delhi, India
Sajjad U. R. Rahman - College Station Medical Center
Saleem M. Rana - University of the Punjab
Robert Quentin Reilly
David Rojas-Rueda
Luca Ronfani - Inst Maternal & Child Hlth IRCCS Burlo Garofolo, Trieste, Italy
Lesley Rushton - University of London
Mohammad Yahya Saeedi - Saudi Minist Hlth, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Joshua A. Salomon - Harvard University
Uchechukwu Sampson
Itamar S. Santos - Univ Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
Monika Sawhney - Marshall University
Juergen C. Schmidt - Publ Hlth England, London, England
Marina Shakh-Nazarova - Natl Ctr Dis Control & Publ Hlth, Tbilisi, Georgia
Jun She - Fudan University
Sara Sheikhbahaei - University of Tehran
Kenji Shibuya - The University of Tokyo
Hwashin Hyun Shin - Hlth Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0L2, Canada
Kawkab Shishani - Washington State University Spokane
Ivy Shiue - Heriot Watt Univ, Edinburgh, Midlothian, Scotland
Inga Dora Sigfusdottir - Reykjavík University
Jasvinder A. Singh - University of Alabama
Vegard Skirbekk - Norwegian Inst Publ Hlth, Oslo, Norway
Karen Sliwa - University of Cape Town
Sergey S. Soshnikov - Fed Res Inst Hlth Org, Moscow, Russia
Luciano A. Sposato - Western University
Vasiliki Kalliopi Stathopoulou - Ctr Hosp Nord Deux Sevres, Bressuire, France
Konstantinos Stroumpoulis - Alexandra Gen Hosp Athens, Ctr Dis Control, KEELPNO, Athens, Greece
Karen M. Tabb - University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign
Roberto Tchio Talongwa - Minist Hlth, Yaounde, Cameroon
Carolina Maria Teixeira - ARS Norte, Oporto, Portugal
Abdullah Sulieman Terkawi - University of Virginia
Alan J. Thomson
Andrew L. Thorne-Lyman - Columbia University
Hideaki Toyoshima - Hlth Care Ctr Anjo Kosei Hosp, Anjo, Aichi, Japan
Zacharie Tsala Dimbuene - University of Kinshasa
Parfait Uwaliraye - Minist Hlth, Kigali City, Rwanda
Selen Beguem Uzun - Ankara
Tommi J. Vasankari - UKK Inst Hlth Promot Res, Tampere, Finland
Ana Maria Nogales Vasconcelos - Universidade de Brasília
Vasiliy Victorovich Vlassov - Supreme Council Of Health
Stein Emil Vollset - Norwegian Inst Publ Hlth, Oslo, Norway
Stephen Waller - Uniformed Serv Univ Hlth Sci, Bethesda, MD 20814 USA
Xia Wan - College Station Medical Center
Scott Weichenthal - Hlth Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0L2, Canada
Elisabete Weiderpass - Karolinska Institutet
Robert G. Weintraub - University of Melbourne
Ronny Westerman
James D. Wilkinson - University of Miami
Hywel C. Williams - University of Nottingham
Yang C. Yang - Univ N Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC USA
Gokalp Kadri Yentur - Ankara
Paul Yip - University of Hong Kong
Naohiro Yonemoto - Natl Ctr Neurol & Psychiat, Kodira, Tokyo, Japan
Mustafa Younis - Jackson State University
Chuanhua Yu - Wuhan University
Kim Yun Jin - College Station Medical Center
Maysaa El Sayed Zaki - College Station Medical Center
Shankuan Zhu - Zhejiang University
Theo Vos - University of Washington
Alan D. Lopez - University of Melbourne
Christopher J. L. Murray - University of Washington
Publication Details: The Lancet (British edition), Vol.384(9947), pp.957-979
Publisher: Elsevier
Number of pages: 23
Grant note: MR/K023233/1; MR/K006525/1; MR/L003120/1 / Medical Research Council; UK Research & Innovation (UKRI); Medical Research Council UK (MRC) MR/K006525/1; MR/L003120/1; MR/K023233/1 / MRC; UK Research & Innovation (UKRI); Medical Research Council UK (MRC) NF-SI-0512-10165; CL-2010-09-002 / National Institute for Health Research; National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation; CGIAR US Agency for International Development; United States Agency for International Development (USAID) RG/08/014/24067 / British Heart Foundation
Identifiers: 9913460108331
Academic Unit: Alfaisal University; King Saud University
Language: English
Resource Type: Journal article