Global, regional, and national mortality among young people aged 10-24 years, 1950-2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Joseph L Ward; Peter S Azzopardi; Kate Louise Francis; John S Santelli; Vegard Skirbekk; Susan M Sawyer; Nicholas J Kassebaum; Ali H Mokdad; Simon I Hay; Foad Abd-Allah; Amir Abdoli; Mohammad Abdollahi; Aidin Abedi; Hassan Abolhassani; Lucas Guimaraes Abreu; Michael RM Abrigo; Eman Abu-Gharbieh; Abdelrahman I Abushouk; Oladimeji M Adebayo; Victor Adekanmbi; Davoud Adham; Shailesh M Advani; Khashayar Afshari; Anurag Agrawal; Tauseef Ahmad; Keivan Ahmadi; Anwar E Ahmed; Budi Aji; Blessing Akombi-Inyang; Fares Alahdab; Ziyad Al-Aly; Khurshid Alam; Fahad Mashhour Alanezi; Turki M Alanzi; Jacqueline Elizabeth Alcalde-Rabanal; Biresaw Wassihun Alemu; Samar Al-Hajj; Robert Kaba Alhassan; Saqib Ali; Gianfranco Alicandro; Mehran Alijanzadeh; Syed Mohamed Aljunid; Amir Almasi-Hashiani; Nihad A Almasri; Hesham M Al-Mekhlafi; Jordi Alonso; Rajaa M Al-Raddadi; Khalid A Altirkawi; Nelson Alvis-Guzman; Azmeraw T Amare; Saeed Amini; Arya Aminorroaya; Arianna Maever L Amit; Dickson A Amugsi; Robert Ancuceanu; Deanna Anderlini; Catalina Liliana Andrei; Sofia Androudi; Fereshteh Ansari; Iman Ansari; Carl Abelardo T Antonio; Davood Anvari; Razique Anwer; Seth Christopher Yaw Appiah; Jalal Arabloo; Morteza Arab-Zozani; Johan Arnlov; Malke Asaad; Mehran Asadi-Aliabadi; Ali A Asadi-Pooya; Maha Moh'd Wahbi Atout; Marcel Ausloos; Elvis Korku Avenyo; Leticia Avila-Burgos; Beatriz Paulina Ayala Quintanilla; Getinet Ayano; Yared Asmare Aynalem; Samad Azari; Zelalem Nigussie Azene; Mohammad Hossein Bakhshaei; Shankar M Bakkannavar; Maciej Banach; Palash Chandra Banik; Miguel A Barboza; Suzanne Lyn Barker-Collo; Till Winfried Baernighausen; Sanjay Basu; Bernhard T Baune; Mohsen Bayati; Neeraj Bedi; Ettore Beghi; Tariku Tesfaye Bekuma; Arielle Wilder Bell; Michelle L Bell; Corina Benjet; Isabela M Bensenor; Abadi Kidanemariam Berhe; Kidanemaryam Berhe; Adam E Berman; Akshaya Srikanth Bhagavathula; Nikha Bhardwaj; Pankaj Bhardwaj; Krittika Bhattacharyya; Suraj Bhattarai; Zulfiqar A Bhutta; Ali Bijani; Boris Bikbov; Antonio Biondi; Tesega Tesega Mengistu Birhanu; Raaj Kishore Biswas; Somayeh Bohlouli; Srinivasa Rao Bolla; Archith Boloor; Rohan Borschmann; Soufiane Boufous; Nicola Luigi Bragazzi; Dejana Braithwaite; Nicholas JK Breitborde; Hermann Brenner; Gabrielle B Britton; Richard A Burns; Sharath Burugina Nagaraja; Zahid A Butt; Florentino Luciano Caetano dos Santos; Luis Alberto Camera; Ismael R Campos-Nonato; Julio Cesar Campuzano Rincon; Rosario Cardenas; Giulia Carreras; Juan J Carrero; Felix Carvalho; Joao Mauricio Castaldelli-Maia; Carlos A Castaneda-Orjuela; Giulio Castelpietra; Ferran Catala-Lopez; Ester Cerin; Joht Singh Chandan; Hsing-Yi Chang; Jung-Chen Chang; Jaykaran Charan; Vijay Kumar Chattu; Sarika Chaturvedi; Jee-Young Jasmine Choi; Mohiuddin Ahsanul Kabir Chowdhury; Devasahayam J Christopher; Chu Dinh-Toi; Michael T Chung; Sheng-Chia Chung; Flavia M Cicuttini; Traian Vasile Constantin; Vera Marisa Costa; Saad MA Dahlawi; Haijiang Dai; Xiaochen Dai; Giovanni Damiani; Lalit Dandona; Rakhi Dandona; Parnaz Daneshpajouhnejad; Aso Mohammad Darwesh; Claudio Alberto Davila-Cervantes; Kairat Davletov; Fernando Pio De la Hoz; Diego De Leo; Nikolaos Dervenis; Rupak Desai; Assefa Desalew; Keshab Deuba; Samath Dhamminda Dharmaratne; Govinda Prasad Dhungana; Mostafa Dianatinasab; Diana Dias da Silva; Daniel Diaz; Alireza Didarloo; Shirin Djalalinia; Fariba Dorostkar; Chirag P Doshi; Leila Doshmangir; Kerrie E Doyle; Andre Rodrigues Duraes; Mohammad Ebrahimi Kalan; Sanam Ebtehaj; David Edvardsson; Maha El Tantawi; Islam Y Elgendy; Shaimaa I El-Jaafary; Aisha Elsharkawy; Babak Eshrati; Sharareh Eskandarieh; Saman Esmaeilnejad; Firooz Esmaeilzadeh; Sadaf Esteghamati; Andre Faro; Farshad Farzadfar; Nazir Fattahi; Valery L Feigin; Tomas Y Ferede; Seyed-Mohammad Fereshtehnejad; Eduarda Fernandes; Pietro Ferrara; Irina Filip; Florian Fischer; James L Fisher; Nataliya A Foigt; Morenike Oluwatoyin Folayan; Artem Alekseevich Fomenkov; Masoud Foroutan; Takeshi Fukumoto; Mohamed M Gad; Abhay Motiramji Gaidhane; Silvano Gallus; Teshome Gebre; Ketema Bizuwork Gebremedhin; Gebreamlak Gebremedhn Gebremeskel; Leake Gebremeskel; Assefa Ayalew Gebreslassie; Hailay Abrha Gesesew; Keyghobad Ghadiri; Mansour Ghafourifard; Farhad Ghamari; Ahmad Ghashghaee; Syed Amir Gilani; Elena V Gnedovskaya; Myron Anthony Godinho; Mahaveer Golechha; Srinivas Goli; Philimon N Gona; Sameer Vali Gopalani; Giuseppe Gorini; Michal Grivna; Mohammed Ibrahim Mohialdeen Gubari; Harish Chander Gugnani; Rafael Alves Guimaraes; Yuming Guo; Rajeev Gupta; Juanita A Haagsma; Nima Hafezi-Nejad; Teklehaimanot Gereziher Haile; Arvin Haj-Mirzaian; Arya Haj-Mirzaian; Brian J Hall; Randah R Hamadeh; Kanaan Hamagharib Abdullah; Samer Hamidi; Demelash Woldeyohannes Handiso; Asif Hanif; Graeme J Hankey; Hamidreza Haririan; Josep Maria Haro; Ahmed I Hasaballah; Abdiwahab Hashi; Amr Hassan; Soheil Hassanipour; Hadi Hassankhani; Khezar Hayat; Reza Heidari-Soureshjani; Claudiu Herteliu; Fatemeh Heydarpour; Hung Chak Ho; Michael K Hole; Ramesh Holla; Praveen Hoogar; Mostafa Hosseini; Mehdi Hosseinzadeh; Mihaela Hostiuc; Sorin Hostiuc; Mowafa Househ; Mohamed Hsairi; Tanvir M Huda; Ayesha Humayun; Rabia Hussain; Bing-Fang Hwang; Ivo Iavicoli; Segun Emmanuel Ibitoye; Olayinka Stephen Ilesanmi; Irena M Ilic; Milena D Ilic; Leeberk Raja Inbaraj; Nirun Intarut; Usman Iqbal; Seyed Sina Naghibi Irvani; M Mofizul Islam; Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam; Hiroyasu Iso; Rebecca Q Ivers; Mohammad Ali Jahani; Mihajlo Jakovljevic; Amir Jalali; Manthan Dilipkumar Janodia; Tahereh Javaheri; Panniyammakal Jeemon; Ensiyeh Jenabi; Ravi Prakash Jha; Vivekanand Jha; John S Ji; Jost B Jonas; Kelly M Jones; Farahnaz Joukar; Jacek Jerzy Jozwiak; Petur B Juliusson; Mikk Jurisson; Ali Kabir; Zubair Kabir; Leila R Kalankesh; Rohollah Kalhor; Naser Kamyari; Tanuj Kanchan; Andre Karch; Salah Eddin Karimi; Supreet Kaur; Gbenga A Kayode; Peter Njenga Keiyoro; Nauman Khalid; Mohammad Khammarnia; Maseer Khan; Md Nuruzzaman Khan; Khaled Khatab; Mona M Khater; Mahalaqua Nazli Khatib; Maryam Khayamzadeh; Habibolah Khazaie; Abdullah T Khoja; Christian Kieling; Young-Eun Kim; Yun Jin Kim; Ruth W Kimokoti; Adnan Kisa; Sezer Kisa; Mika Kivimaki; Ali Koolivand; Soewarta Kosen; Ai Koyanagi; Kewal Krishan; Nuworza Kugbey; G Anil Kumar; Manasi Kumar; Nithin Kumar; Om P Kurmi; Dian Kusuma; Carlo La Vecchia; Ben Lacey; Dharmesh Kumar Lal; Ratilal Lalloo; Qing Lan; Ivan Landires; Van Charles Lansingh; Anders O Larsson; Savita Lasrado; Zohra S Lassi; Paolo Lauriola; Paul H Lee; Shaun Wen Huey Lee; James Leigh; Matilde Leonardi; Janni Leung; Miriam Levi; Sonia Lewycka; Bingyu Li; Ming-Chieh Li; Shanshan Li; Lee-Ling Lim; Stephen S Lim; Xuefeng Liu; Stefan Lorkowski; Paulo A Lotufo; Raimundas Lunevicius; Ralph Maddison; Phetole Walter Mahasha; Mokhtar Mahdavi Mahdavi; Morteza Mahmoudi; Azeem Majeed; Afshin Maleki; Reza Malekzadeh; Deborah Carvalho Malta; Abdullah A Mamun; Borhan Mansouri; Mohammad Ali Mansournia; Gabriel Martinez; Jose Martinez-Raga; Francisco Rogerlandio Martins-Melo; Amanda J Mason-Jones; Seyedeh Zahra Masoumi; Manu Raj Mathur; Pallab K Maulik; John J McGrath; Man Mohan Mehndiratta; Fereshteh Mehri; Peter TN Memiah; Walter Mendoza; Ritesh G Menezes; Endalkachew Worku Mengesha; Atte Meretoja; Tuomo J Meretoja; Tomislav Mestrovic; Bartosz Miazgowski; Tomasz Miazgowski; Irmina Maria Michalek; Ted R Miller; G K Mini; Andreea Mirica; Erkin M Mirrakhimov; Hamed Mirzaei; Maryam Mirzaei; Babak Moazen; Dara K Mohammad; Shadieh Mohammadi; Abdollah Mohammadian-Hafshejani; Noushin Mohammadifard; Reza Mohammadpourhodki; Shafiu Mohammed; Lorenzo Monasta; Ghobad Moradi; Maziar Moradi-Lakeh; Rahmatollah Moradzadeh; Paula Moraga; Shane Douglas Morrison; Abbas Mosapour; Amin Mousavi Khaneghah; Ulrich Otto Mueller; Moses K Muriithi; Christopher JL Murray; Saravanan Muthupandian; Mehdi Naderi; Ahamarshan Jayaraman Nagarajan; Mohsen Naghavi; Mukhammad David Naimzada; Vinay Nangia; Vinod C Nayak; Javad Nazari; Rawlance Ndejjo; Ionut Negoi; Ruxandra Irina Negoi; Henok Biresaw Netsere; Georges Nguefack-Tsague; Ngoc Nguyen Diep; Lan Thi Nguyen Huong; Jing Nie; Dina Nur Anggraini Ningrum; Chukwudi A Nnaji; Shuhei Nomura; Jean Jacques Noubiap; Christoph Nowak; Virginia Nunez-Samudio; Felix Akpojene Ogbo; Onome Bright Oghenetega; In-Hwan Oh; Morteza Oladnabi; Andrew T Olagunju; Bolajoko Olubukunola Olusanya; Jacob Olusegun Olusanya; Ahmed Omar Bali; Muktar Omer Omer; Obinna E Onwujekwe; Alberto Ortiz; Adrian Otoiu; Nikita Otstavnov; Stanislav S Otstavnov; Simon Overland; Mayowa O Owolabi; P A Mahesh; Jagadish Rao Padubidri; Keyvan Pakshir; Raffaele Palladino; Adrian Pana; Songhomitra Panda-Jonas; Anamika Pandey; Carlo Irwin Able Panelo; Eun-Kee Park; Scott B Patten; Amy E Peden; Veincent Christian Filipino Pepito; Emmanuel K Peprah; Jeevan Pereira; Konrad Pesudovs; Quang Pham Hai; Michael R Phillips; Michael A Piradov; Meghdad Pirsaheb; Maarten J Postma; Faheem Hyder Pottoo; Hadi Pourjafar; Akram Pourshams; Sergio I Prada; Elisabetta Pupillo; Zahiruddin Quazi Syed; Mohammad Hasan Rabiee; Navid Rabiee; Amir Radfar; Ata Rafiee; Alberto Raggi; Fakher Rahim; Vafa Rahimi-Movaghar; Mohammad Hifz Ur Rahman; Muhammad Aziz Rahman; Kiana Ramezanzadeh; Chhabi Lal Ranabhat; Sowmya J Rao; Vahid Rashedi; Prateek Rastogi; Priya Rathi; David Laith Rawaf; Salman Rawaf; Lal Rawal; Reza Rawassizadeh; Andre MN Renzaho; Negar Rezaei; Nima Rezaei; Mohammad Sadegh Rezai; Seyed Mohammad Riahi; Jennifer Rickard; Leonardo Roever; Luca Ronfani; Gregory A Roth; Enrico Rubagotti; Susan Fred Rumisha; Godfrey M Rwegerera; Siamak Sabour; Perminder S Sachdev; Basema Saddik; Ehsan Sadeghi; Sahar Saeedi Moghaddam; Rajesh Sagar; Amirhossein Sahebkar; Mohammad Ali Sahraian; S Mohammad Sajadi; Marwa Rashad Salem; Hamideh Salimzadeh; Abdallah M Samy; Juan Sanabria; Milena M Santric-Milicevic; Sivan Yegnanarayana Iyer Saraswathy; Nizal Sarrafzadegan; Arash Sarveazad; Thirunavukkarasu Sathish; Davide Sattin; Deepak Saxena; Sonia Saxena; Silvia Schiavolin; David C Schwebel; Falk Schwendicke; Subramanian Senthilkumaran; Sadaf G Sepanlou; Feng Sha; Omid Shafaat; Saeed Shahabi; Amira A Shaheen; Masood Ali Shaikh; Saeed Shakiba; Mohammad Bagher Shamsi; Mohammed Shannawaz; Kiomars Sharafi; Aziz Sheikh; Sara Sheikhbahaei; B Suresh Kumar Shetty; Peilin Shi; Mika Shigematsu; Jae Il Shin; Rahman Shiri; Kerem Shuval; Soraya Siabani; Inga Dora Sigfusdottir; Rannveig Sigurvinsdottir; Diego Augusto Santos Silva; Joao Pedro Silva; Biagio Simonetti; Jasvinder A Singh; Virendra Singh; Abiy H Sinke; Valentin Yurievich Skryabin; Helen Slater; Emma UR Smith; Mohammad Reza Sobhiyeh; Eugene Sobngwi; Amin Soheili; Oluwaseyi Dolapo Somefun; Muluken Bekele Sorrie; Ireneous N Soyiri; Chandrashekhar T Sreeramareddy; Dan J Stein; Mark A Stokes; Agus Sudaryanto; Iyad Sultan; Rafael Tabares-Seisdedos; Takahiro Tabuchi; Santosh Kumar Tadakamadla; Amir Taherkhani; Animut Tagele Tamiru; Md Ismail Tareque; Kavumpurathu Raman Thankappan; Rekha Thapar; Nihal Thomas; Mariya Vladimirovna Titova; Marcello Tonelli; Marcos Roberto Tovani-Palone; Xuan Tran Bach; Ravensara S Travillian; Alexander C Tsai; Aristidis Tsatsakis; Lorainne Tudor Car; Riaz Uddin; Brigid Unim; Bhaskaran Unnikrishnan; Era Upadhyay; Marco Vacante; Sahel Valadan Tahbaz; Pascual R Valdez; Santosh Varughese; Tommi Juhani Vasankari; Narayanaswamy Venketasubramanian; Paul J Villeneuve; Francesco S Violante; Vasily Vlassov; Theo Vos; Thu Vu Giang; Yasir Waheed; Richard G Wamai; Yafeng Wang; Yanzhong Wang; Yuan-Pang Wang; Ronny Westerman; Nuwan Darshana Wickramasinghe; Ai-Min Wu; Chenkai Wu; Seyed Hossein Yahyazadeh Jabbari; Kazumasa Yamagishi; Yuichiro Yano; Sanni Yaya; Vahid Yazdi-Feyzabadi; Yordanos Gizachew Yeshitila; Paul Yip; Naohiro Yonemoto; Seok-Jun Yoon; Mustafa Z Younis; Taraneh Yousefinezhadi; Chuanhua Yu; Yong Yu; Deniz Yuce; Syed Saoud Zaidi; Sojib Bin Zaman; Mohammad Zamani; Maryam Zamanian; Hadi Zarafshan; Ahmad Zarei; Mikhail Sergeevich Zastrozhin; Yunquan Zhang; Zhi-Jiang Zhang; Xiu-Ju George Zhao; Cong Zhu; George C Patton; Russell M Viner

Journal article

Global, regional, and national mortality among young people aged 10-24 years, 1950-2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Joseph L Ward, Peter S Azzopardi, Kate Louise Francis, John S Santelli, Vegard Skirbekk, Susan M Sawyer, Nicholas J Kassebaum, Ali H Mokdad, Simon I Hay, Foad Abd-Allah, …

28/10/2021

Abstract

ADOLESCENT HEALTH

CHILDREN

General & Internal Medicine

INCOME COUNTRIES

INJURIES

INTERVENTIONS

Life Sciences & Biomedicine

Medicine, General & Internal

MENTAL-HEALTH

MIDDLE-INCOME

QUALITY

Science & Technology

SUICIDE

TRENDS

Background: Documentation of patterns and long-term trends in mortality in young people, which reflect huge changes in demographic and social determinants of adolescent health, enables identification of global investment priorities for this age group. We aimed to analyse data on the number of deaths, years of life lost, and mortality rates by sex and age group in people aged 10–24 years in 204 countries and territories from 1950 to 2019 by use of estimates from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019. Methods: We report trends in estimated total numbers of deaths and mortality rate per 100 000 population in young people aged 10–24 years by age group (10–14 years, 15–19 years, and 20–24 years) and sex in 204 countries and territories between 1950 and 2019 for all causes, and between 1980 and 2019 by cause of death. We analyse variation in outcomes by region, age group, and sex, and compare annual rate of change in mortality in young people aged 10–24 years with that in children aged 0–9 years from 1990 to 2019. We then analyse the association between mortality in people aged 10–24 years and socioeconomic development using the GBD Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a composite measure based on average national educational attainment in people older than 15 years, total fertility rate in people younger than 25 years, and income per capita. We assess the association between SDI and all-cause mortality in 2019, and analyse the ratio of observed to expected mortality by SDI using the most recent available data release (2017). Findings: In 2019 there were 1·49 million deaths (95% uncertainty interval 1·39–1·59) worldwide in people aged 10–24 years, of which 61% occurred in males. 32·7% of all adolescent deaths were due to transport injuries, unintentional injuries, or interpersonal violence and conflict; 32·1% were due to communicable, nutritional, or maternal causes; 27·0% were due to non-communicable diseases; and 8·2% were due to self-harm. Since 1950, deaths in this age group decreased by 30·0% in females and 15·3% in males, and sex-based differences in mortality rate have widened in most regions of the world. Geographical variation has also increased, particularly in people aged 10–14 years. Since 1980, communicable and maternal causes of death have decreased sharply as a proportion of total deaths in most GBD super-regions, but remain some of the most common causes in sub-Saharan Africa and south Asia, where more than half of all adolescent deaths occur. Annual percentage decrease in all-cause mortality rate since 1990 in adolescents aged 15–19 years was 1·3% in males and 1·6% in females, almost half that of males aged 1–4 years (2·4%), and around a third less than in females aged 1–4 years (2·5%). The proportion of global deaths in people aged 0–24 years that occurred in people aged 10–24 years more than doubled between 1950 and 2019, from 9·5% to 21·6%. Interpretation: Variation in adolescent mortality between countries and by sex is widening, driven by poor progress in reducing deaths in males and older adolescents. Improving global adolescent mortality will require action to address the specific vulnerabilities of this age group, which are being overlooked. Furthermore, indirect effects of the COVID-19 pandemic are likely to jeopardise efforts to improve health outcomes including mortality in young people aged 10–24 years. There is an urgent need to respond to the changing global burden of adolescent mortality, address inequities where they occur, and improve the availability and quality of primary mortality data in this age group. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.

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Title: Global, regional, and national mortality among young people aged 10-24 years, 1950-2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019
Creators - without role: Joseph L Ward
Peter S Azzopardi
Kate Louise Francis
John S Santelli
Vegard Skirbekk
Susan M Sawyer
Nicholas J Kassebaum
Ali H Mokdad
Simon I Hay
Foad Abd-Allah
Amir Abdoli
Mohammad Abdollahi
Aidin Abedi
Hassan Abolhassani
Lucas Guimaraes Abreu
Michael RM Abrigo
Eman Abu-Gharbieh
Abdelrahman I Abushouk
Oladimeji M Adebayo
Victor Adekanmbi
Davoud Adham
Shailesh M Advani
Khashayar Afshari
Anurag Agrawal
Tauseef Ahmad
Keivan Ahmadi
Anwar E Ahmed
Budi Aji
Blessing Akombi-Inyang
Fares Alahdab
Ziyad Al-Aly
Khurshid Alam
Fahad Mashhour Alanezi
Turki M Alanzi
Jacqueline Elizabeth Alcalde-Rabanal
Biresaw Wassihun Alemu
Samar Al-Hajj
Robert Kaba Alhassan
Saqib Ali
Gianfranco Alicandro
Mehran Alijanzadeh
Syed Mohamed Aljunid
Amir Almasi-Hashiani
Nihad A Almasri
Hesham M Al-Mekhlafi
Jordi Alonso
Rajaa M Al-Raddadi
Khalid A Altirkawi
Nelson Alvis-Guzman
Azmeraw T Amare
Saeed Amini
Arya Aminorroaya
Arianna Maever L Amit
Dickson A Amugsi
Robert Ancuceanu
Deanna Anderlini
Catalina Liliana Andrei
Sofia Androudi
Fereshteh Ansari
Iman Ansari
Carl Abelardo T Antonio
Davood Anvari
Razique Anwer
Seth Christopher Yaw Appiah
Jalal Arabloo
Morteza Arab-Zozani
Johan Arnlov
Malke Asaad
Mehran Asadi-Aliabadi
Ali A Asadi-Pooya
Maha Moh'd Wahbi Atout
Marcel Ausloos
Elvis Korku Avenyo
Leticia Avila-Burgos
Beatriz Paulina Ayala Quintanilla
Getinet Ayano
Yared Asmare Aynalem
Samad Azari
Zelalem Nigussie Azene
Mohammad Hossein Bakhshaei
Shankar M Bakkannavar
Maciej Banach
Palash Chandra Banik
Miguel A Barboza
Suzanne Lyn Barker-Collo
Till Winfried Baernighausen
Sanjay Basu
Bernhard T Baune
Mohsen Bayati
Neeraj Bedi
Ettore Beghi
Tariku Tesfaye Bekuma
Arielle Wilder Bell
Michelle L Bell
Corina Benjet
Isabela M Bensenor
Abadi Kidanemariam Berhe
Kidanemaryam Berhe
Adam E Berman
Akshaya Srikanth Bhagavathula
Nikha Bhardwaj
Pankaj Bhardwaj
Krittika Bhattacharyya
Suraj Bhattarai
Zulfiqar A Bhutta
Ali Bijani
Boris Bikbov
Antonio Biondi
Tesega Tesega Mengistu Birhanu
Raaj Kishore Biswas
Somayeh Bohlouli
Srinivasa Rao Bolla
Archith Boloor
Rohan Borschmann
Soufiane Boufous
Nicola Luigi Bragazzi
Dejana Braithwaite
Nicholas JK Breitborde
Hermann Brenner
Gabrielle B Britton
Richard A Burns
Sharath Burugina Nagaraja
Zahid A Butt
Florentino Luciano Caetano dos Santos
Luis Alberto Camera
Ismael R Campos-Nonato
Julio Cesar Campuzano Rincon
Rosario Cardenas
Giulia Carreras
Juan J Carrero
Felix Carvalho
Joao Mauricio Castaldelli-Maia
Carlos A Castaneda-Orjuela
Giulio Castelpietra
Ferran Catala-Lopez
Ester Cerin
Joht Singh Chandan
Hsing-Yi Chang
Jung-Chen Chang
Jaykaran Charan
Vijay Kumar Chattu
Sarika Chaturvedi
Jee-Young Jasmine Choi
Mohiuddin Ahsanul Kabir Chowdhury
Devasahayam J Christopher
Chu Dinh-Toi
Michael T Chung
Sheng-Chia Chung
Flavia M Cicuttini
Traian Vasile Constantin
Vera Marisa Costa
Saad MA Dahlawi
Haijiang Dai
Xiaochen Dai
Giovanni Damiani
Lalit Dandona
Rakhi Dandona
Parnaz Daneshpajouhnejad
Aso Mohammad Darwesh
Claudio Alberto Davila-Cervantes
Kairat Davletov
Fernando Pio De la Hoz
Diego De Leo
Nikolaos Dervenis
Rupak Desai
Assefa Desalew
Keshab Deuba
Samath Dhamminda Dharmaratne
Govinda Prasad Dhungana
Mostafa Dianatinasab
Diana Dias da Silva
Daniel Diaz
Alireza Didarloo
Shirin Djalalinia
Fariba Dorostkar
Chirag P Doshi
Leila Doshmangir
Kerrie E Doyle
Andre Rodrigues Duraes
Mohammad Ebrahimi Kalan
Sanam Ebtehaj
David Edvardsson
Maha El Tantawi
Islam Y Elgendy
Shaimaa I El-Jaafary
Aisha Elsharkawy
Babak Eshrati
Sharareh Eskandarieh
Saman Esmaeilnejad
Firooz Esmaeilzadeh
Sadaf Esteghamati
Andre Faro
Farshad Farzadfar
Nazir Fattahi
Valery L Feigin
Tomas Y Ferede
Seyed-Mohammad Fereshtehnejad
Eduarda Fernandes
Pietro Ferrara
Irina Filip
Florian Fischer
James L Fisher
Nataliya A Foigt
Morenike Oluwatoyin Folayan
Artem Alekseevich Fomenkov
Masoud Foroutan
Takeshi Fukumoto
Mohamed M Gad
Abhay Motiramji Gaidhane
Silvano Gallus
Teshome Gebre
Ketema Bizuwork Gebremedhin
Gebreamlak Gebremedhn Gebremeskel
Leake Gebremeskel
Assefa Ayalew Gebreslassie
Hailay Abrha Gesesew
Keyghobad Ghadiri
Mansour Ghafourifard
Farhad Ghamari
Ahmad Ghashghaee
Syed Amir Gilani
Elena V Gnedovskaya
Myron Anthony Godinho
Mahaveer Golechha
Srinivas Goli
Philimon N Gona
Sameer Vali Gopalani
Giuseppe Gorini
Michal Grivna
Mohammed Ibrahim Mohialdeen Gubari
Harish Chander Gugnani
Rafael Alves Guimaraes
Yuming Guo
Rajeev Gupta
Juanita A Haagsma
Nima Hafezi-Nejad
Teklehaimanot Gereziher Haile
Arvin Haj-Mirzaian
Arya Haj-Mirzaian
Brian J Hall
Randah R Hamadeh
Kanaan Hamagharib Abdullah
Samer Hamidi
Demelash Woldeyohannes Handiso
Asif Hanif
Graeme J Hankey
Hamidreza Haririan
Josep Maria Haro
Ahmed I Hasaballah
Abdiwahab Hashi
Amr Hassan
Soheil Hassanipour
Hadi Hassankhani
Khezar Hayat
Reza Heidari-Soureshjani
Claudiu Herteliu
Fatemeh Heydarpour
Hung Chak Ho
Michael K Hole
Ramesh Holla
Praveen Hoogar
Mostafa Hosseini
Mehdi Hosseinzadeh
Mihaela Hostiuc
Sorin Hostiuc
Mowafa Househ
Mohamed Hsairi
Tanvir M Huda
Ayesha Humayun
Rabia Hussain
Bing-Fang Hwang
Ivo Iavicoli
Segun Emmanuel Ibitoye
Olayinka Stephen Ilesanmi
Irena M Ilic
Milena D Ilic
Leeberk Raja Inbaraj
Nirun Intarut
Usman Iqbal
Seyed Sina Naghibi Irvani
M Mofizul Islam
Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam
Hiroyasu Iso
Rebecca Q Ivers
Mohammad Ali Jahani
Mihajlo Jakovljevic
Amir Jalali
Manthan Dilipkumar Janodia
Tahereh Javaheri
Panniyammakal Jeemon
Ensiyeh Jenabi
Ravi Prakash Jha
Vivekanand Jha
John S Ji
Jost B Jonas
Kelly M Jones
Farahnaz Joukar
Jacek Jerzy Jozwiak
Petur B Juliusson
Mikk Jurisson
Ali Kabir
Zubair Kabir
Leila R Kalankesh
Rohollah Kalhor
Naser Kamyari
Tanuj Kanchan
Andre Karch
Salah Eddin Karimi
Supreet Kaur
Gbenga A Kayode
Peter Njenga Keiyoro
Nauman Khalid
Mohammad Khammarnia
Maseer Khan
Md Nuruzzaman Khan
Khaled Khatab
Mona M Khater
Mahalaqua Nazli Khatib
Maryam Khayamzadeh
Habibolah Khazaie
Abdullah T Khoja
Christian Kieling
Young-Eun Kim
Yun Jin Kim
Ruth W Kimokoti
Adnan Kisa
Sezer Kisa
Mika Kivimaki
Ali Koolivand
Soewarta Kosen
Ai Koyanagi
Kewal Krishan
Nuworza Kugbey
G Anil Kumar
Manasi Kumar
Nithin Kumar
Om P Kurmi
Dian Kusuma
Carlo La Vecchia
Ben Lacey
Dharmesh Kumar Lal
Ratilal Lalloo
Qing Lan
Ivan Landires
Van Charles Lansingh
Anders O Larsson
Savita Lasrado
Zohra S Lassi
Paolo Lauriola
Paul H Lee
Shaun Wen Huey Lee
James Leigh
Matilde Leonardi
Janni Leung
Miriam Levi
Sonia Lewycka
Bingyu Li
Ming-Chieh Li
Shanshan Li
Lee-Ling Lim
Stephen S Lim
Xuefeng Liu
Stefan Lorkowski
Paulo A Lotufo
Raimundas Lunevicius
Ralph Maddison
Phetole Walter Mahasha
Mokhtar Mahdavi Mahdavi
Morteza Mahmoudi
Azeem Majeed
Afshin Maleki
Reza Malekzadeh
Deborah Carvalho Malta
Abdullah A Mamun
Borhan Mansouri
Mohammad Ali Mansournia
Gabriel Martinez
Jose Martinez-Raga
Francisco Rogerlandio Martins-Melo
Amanda J Mason-Jones
Seyedeh Zahra Masoumi
Manu Raj Mathur
Pallab K Maulik
John J McGrath
Man Mohan Mehndiratta
Fereshteh Mehri
Peter TN Memiah
Walter Mendoza
Ritesh G Menezes
Endalkachew Worku Mengesha
Atte Meretoja
Tuomo J Meretoja
Tomislav Mestrovic
Bartosz Miazgowski
Tomasz Miazgowski
Irmina Maria Michalek
Ted R Miller
G K Mini
Andreea Mirica
Erkin M Mirrakhimov
Hamed Mirzaei
Maryam Mirzaei
Babak Moazen
Dara K Mohammad
Shadieh Mohammadi
Abdollah Mohammadian-Hafshejani
Noushin Mohammadifard
Reza Mohammadpourhodki
Shafiu Mohammed
Lorenzo Monasta
Ghobad Moradi
Maziar Moradi-Lakeh
Rahmatollah Moradzadeh
Paula Moraga
Shane Douglas Morrison
Abbas Mosapour
Amin Mousavi Khaneghah
Ulrich Otto Mueller
Moses K Muriithi
Christopher JL Murray
Saravanan Muthupandian
Mehdi Naderi
Ahamarshan Jayaraman Nagarajan
Mohsen Naghavi
Mukhammad David Naimzada
Vinay Nangia
Vinod C Nayak
Javad Nazari
Rawlance Ndejjo
Ionut Negoi
Ruxandra Irina Negoi
Henok Biresaw Netsere
Georges Nguefack-Tsague
Ngoc Nguyen Diep
Lan Thi Nguyen Huong
Jing Nie
Dina Nur Anggraini Ningrum
Chukwudi A Nnaji
Shuhei Nomura
Jean Jacques Noubiap
Christoph Nowak
Virginia Nunez-Samudio
Felix Akpojene Ogbo
Onome Bright Oghenetega
In-Hwan Oh
Morteza Oladnabi
Andrew T Olagunju
Bolajoko Olubukunola Olusanya
Jacob Olusegun Olusanya
Ahmed Omar Bali
Muktar Omer Omer
Obinna E Onwujekwe
Alberto Ortiz
Adrian Otoiu
Nikita Otstavnov
Stanislav S Otstavnov
Simon Overland
Mayowa O Owolabi
P A Mahesh
Jagadish Rao Padubidri
Keyvan Pakshir
Raffaele Palladino
Adrian Pana
Songhomitra Panda-Jonas
Anamika Pandey
Carlo Irwin Able Panelo
Eun-Kee Park
Scott B Patten
Amy E Peden
Veincent Christian Filipino Pepito
Emmanuel K Peprah
Jeevan Pereira
Konrad Pesudovs
Quang Pham Hai
Michael R Phillips
Michael A Piradov
Meghdad Pirsaheb
Maarten J Postma
Faheem Hyder Pottoo
Hadi Pourjafar
Akram Pourshams
Sergio I Prada
Elisabetta Pupillo
Zahiruddin Quazi Syed
Mohammad Hasan Rabiee
Navid Rabiee
Amir Radfar
Ata Rafiee
Alberto Raggi
Fakher Rahim
Vafa Rahimi-Movaghar
Mohammad Hifz Ur Rahman
Muhammad Aziz Rahman
Kiana Ramezanzadeh
Chhabi Lal Ranabhat
Sowmya J Rao
Vahid Rashedi
Prateek Rastogi
Priya Rathi
David Laith Rawaf
Salman Rawaf
Lal Rawal
Reza Rawassizadeh
Andre MN Renzaho
Negar Rezaei
Nima Rezaei
Mohammad Sadegh Rezai
Seyed Mohammad Riahi
Jennifer Rickard
Leonardo Roever
Luca Ronfani
Gregory A Roth
Enrico Rubagotti
Susan Fred Rumisha
Godfrey M Rwegerera
Siamak Sabour
Perminder S Sachdev
Basema Saddik
Ehsan Sadeghi
Sahar Saeedi Moghaddam
Rajesh Sagar
Amirhossein Sahebkar
Mohammad Ali Sahraian
S Mohammad Sajadi
Marwa Rashad Salem
Hamideh Salimzadeh
Abdallah M Samy
Juan Sanabria
Milena M Santric-Milicevic
Sivan Yegnanarayana Iyer Saraswathy
Nizal Sarrafzadegan
Arash Sarveazad
Thirunavukkarasu Sathish
Davide Sattin
Deepak Saxena
Sonia Saxena
Silvia Schiavolin
David C Schwebel
Falk Schwendicke
Subramanian Senthilkumaran
Sadaf G Sepanlou
Feng Sha
Omid Shafaat
Saeed Shahabi
Amira A Shaheen
Masood Ali Shaikh
Saeed Shakiba
Mohammad Bagher Shamsi
Mohammed Shannawaz
Kiomars Sharafi
Aziz Sheikh
Sara Sheikhbahaei
B Suresh Kumar Shetty
Peilin Shi
Mika Shigematsu
Jae Il Shin
Rahman Shiri
Kerem Shuval
Soraya Siabani
Inga Dora Sigfusdottir
Rannveig Sigurvinsdottir
Diego Augusto Santos Silva
Joao Pedro Silva
Biagio Simonetti
Jasvinder A Singh
Virendra Singh
Abiy H Sinke
Valentin Yurievich Skryabin
Helen Slater
Emma UR Smith
Mohammad Reza Sobhiyeh
Eugene Sobngwi
Amin Soheili
Oluwaseyi Dolapo Somefun
Muluken Bekele Sorrie
Ireneous N Soyiri
Chandrashekhar T Sreeramareddy
Dan J Stein
Mark A Stokes
Agus Sudaryanto
Iyad Sultan
Rafael Tabares-Seisdedos
Takahiro Tabuchi
Santosh Kumar Tadakamadla
Amir Taherkhani
Animut Tagele Tamiru
Md Ismail Tareque
Kavumpurathu Raman Thankappan
Rekha Thapar
Nihal Thomas
Mariya Vladimirovna Titova
Marcello Tonelli
Marcos Roberto Tovani-Palone
Xuan Tran Bach
Ravensara S Travillian
Alexander C Tsai
Aristidis Tsatsakis
Lorainne Tudor Car
Riaz Uddin
Brigid Unim
Bhaskaran Unnikrishnan
Era Upadhyay
Marco Vacante
Sahel Valadan Tahbaz
Pascual R Valdez
Santosh Varughese
Tommi Juhani Vasankari
Narayanaswamy Venketasubramanian
Paul J Villeneuve
Francesco S Violante
Vasily Vlassov
Theo Vos
Thu Vu Giang
Yasir Waheed
Richard G Wamai
Yafeng Wang
Yanzhong Wang
Yuan-Pang Wang
Ronny Westerman
Nuwan Darshana Wickramasinghe
Ai-Min Wu
Chenkai Wu
Seyed Hossein Yahyazadeh Jabbari
Kazumasa Yamagishi
Yuichiro Yano
Sanni Yaya
Vahid Yazdi-Feyzabadi
Yordanos Gizachew Yeshitila
Paul Yip
Naohiro Yonemoto
Seok-Jun Yoon
Mustafa Z Younis
Taraneh Yousefinezhadi
Chuanhua Yu
Yong Yu
Deniz Yuce
Syed Saoud Zaidi
Sojib Bin Zaman
Mohammad Zamani
Maryam Zamanian
Hadi Zarafshan
Ahmad Zarei
Mikhail Sergeevich Zastrozhin
Yunquan Zhang
Zhi-Jiang Zhang
Xiu-Ju George Zhao
Cong Zhu
George C Patton
Russell M Viner
Identifiers: 9914647908331
Academic Unit: Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University; Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU); King Abdulaziz University; King Abdullah University of Science & Technology; Jazan University; King Saud University
Language: English
Resource Type: Journal article