Global, regional, and national sex differences in the global burden of tuberculosis by HIV status, 1990-2019: results from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Jorge R. Ledesma; Jianing Ma; Avina Vongpradith; Emilie R. Maddison; Amanda Novotney; Molly H. Biehl; Kate E. LeGrand; Jennifer M. Ross; Deepa Jahagirdar; Dana Bryazka; Rachel Feldman; Hassan Abolhassani; Akine Eshete Abosetugn; Eman Abu-Gharbieh; Oladimeji M. Adebayo; Qorinah Estiningtyas Sakilah Adnani; Saira Afzal; Bright Opoku Ahinkorah; Sajjad Ahmad Ahmad; Sepideh Ahmadi; Tarik Ahmed Rashid; Yusra Ahmed Salih; Addis Aklilu; Chisom Joyqueenet Akunna; Hanadi Al Hamad; Fares Alahdab; Yosef Alemayehu; Kefyalew Addis Alene; Beriwan Abdulqadir Ali; Liaqat Ali; Vahid Alipour; Hesam Alizade; Rajaa M. Al-Raddadi; Nelson Alvis-Guzman; Saeed Amini; Arianna Maever L. Amit; Jason A. Anderson; Sofia Androudi; Carl Abelardo T. Antonio; Catherine M. Antony; Razique Anwer; Jalal Arabloo; Asrat Arja; Mulusew A. Asemahagn; Sachin R. Atre; Gulrez Shah Azhar; B. B. Darshan; Zaheer-Ud-Din Babar; Atif Amin Baig; Maciej Banach; Hiba Jawdat Barqawi; Fabio Barra; Amadou Barrow; Sanjay Basu; Uzma Iqbal Belgaumi; Akshaya Srikanth Bhagavathula; Nikha Bhardwaj; Pankaj Bhardwaj; Natalia Bhattacharjee; Krittika Bhattacharyya; Ali Bijani; Boris Bikbov; Archith Boloor; Nikolay Ivanovich Briko; Danilo Buonsenso; Sharath Burugina Nagaraja; Zahid A. Butt; Austin Carter; Felix Carvalho; Jaykaran Charan; Souranshu Chatterjee; Soosanna Kumary Chattu; Vijay Kumar Chattu; Devasahayam J. Christopher; Dinh-Toi Chu; Mareli M. Claassens; Omid Dadras; Amare Belachew Dagnew; Xiaochen Dai; Lalit Dandona; Rakhi Dandona; Parnaz Daneshpajouhnejad; Aso Mohammad Darwesh; Deepak Dhamnetiya; Mostafa Dianatinasab; Daniel Diaz; Linh Phuong Doan; Sahar Eftekharzadeh; Muhammed Elhadi; Amir Emami; Shymaa Enany; Emerito Jose A. Faraon; Farshad Farzadfar; Eduarda Fernandes; Lorenzo Ferro Desideri; Irina Filip; Florian Fischer; Masoud Foroutan; Tahvi D. Frank; Alberto L. Garcia-Basteiro; Christian Garcia-Calavaro; Tushar Garg; Biniyam Sahiledengle Geberemariyam; Keyghobad Ghadiri; Ahmad Ghashghaee; Mahaveer Golechha; Amador Goodridge; Bhawna Gupta; Sapna Gupta; Veer Bala Gupta; Vivek Kumar Gupta; Mohammad Rifat Haider; Samer Hamidi; Asif Hanif; Shafiul Haque; Harapan Harapan; Arief Hargono; Ahmed Hasaballah; Abdiwahab Hashi; Shoaib Hassan; Hadi Hassankhani; Khezar Hayat; Kamal Hezam; Ramesh Holla; Mehdi Hosseinzadeh; Mihaela Hostiuc; Mowafa Househ; Rabia Hussain; Segun Emmanuel Ibitoye; Irena M. Ilic; Milena D. Ilic; Seyed Sina Naghibi Irvani; Nahlah Elkudssiah Ismail; Ramaiah Itumalla; Jalil Jaafari; Kathryn H. Jacobsen; Vardhmaan Jain; Fatemeh Javanmardi; Sathish Kumar Jayapal; Shubha Jayaram; Ravi Prakash Jha; Jost B. Jonas; Nitin Joseph; Farahnaz Joukar; Zubair Kabir; Ashwin Kamath; Tanuj Kanchan; Himal Kandel; Patrick Dmc Katoto; Gbenga A. Kayode; Parkes J. Kendrick; Amene Abebe Kerbo; Himanshu Khajuria; Rovshan Khalilov; Khaled Khatab; Abdullah T. Khoja; Jagdish Khubchandani; Min Seo Kim; Yun Jin Kim; Adnan Kisa; Sezer Kisa; Soewarta Kosen; Parvaiz A. Koul; Sindhura Lakshmi Koulmane Laxminarayana; Ai Koyanagi; Kewal Krishan; Burcu Kucuk Bicer; Avinash Kumar; G. Anil Kumar; Narinder Kumar; Nithin Kumar; Alexander Kwarteng; Hassan Mehmood Lak; Dharmesh Kumar Lal; Ivan Landires; Savita Lasrado; Shaun Wen Huey Lee; Wei-Chen Lee; Christine Lin; Xuefeng Liu; Platon D. Lopukhov; Rafael Lozano; Daiane Borges Machado; Shilpashree Madhava Kunjathur; Deepak Madi; Preetam Bhalchandra Mahajan; Azeem Majeed; Ahmad Azam Malik; Francisco Rogerlandio Martins-Melo; Saurabh Mehta; Ziad A. Memish; Walter Mendoza; Ritesh G. Menezes; Hayimro Edemealem Merie; Amanual Getnet Mersha; Mohamed Kamal Mesregah; Tomislav Mestrovic; Nour Mheidly Mheidly; Sanjeev Misra; Prasanna Mithra; Masoud Moghadaszadeh; Mokhtar Mohammadi; Abdollah Mohammadian-Hafshejani; Shafiu Mohammed; Mariam Molokhia; Mohammad Ali Moni; Ahmed Al Montasir; Catrin E. Moore; Ahamarshan Jayaraman Nagarajan; Sanjeev Nair; Suma Nair; Atta Abbas Naqvi; Sreenivas Narasimha Swamy; Biswa Prakash Nayak; Javad Nazari; Sandhya Neupane Kandel; Trang Huyen Nguyen; Molly R. Nixon; Chukwudi A. Nnaji; Mpiko Ntsekhe; Virginia Nunez-Samudio; Bogdan Oancea; Oluwakemi Ololade Odukoya; Andrew T. Olagunju; Eyal Oren; P. A. Mahesh; Ramakrishnan Parthasarathi; Fatemeh Pashazadeh Kan; Sanjay M. Pattanshetty; Rajan Paudel; Pintu Paul; Shrikant Pawar; Veincent Christian Filipino Pepito; Yigit; Norberto Perico; Majid Pirestani; Roman Polibin; Maarten J. Postma; Akram Pourshams; Akila Prashant; Dimas Ria Angga Pribadi; Amir Radfar; Alireza Rafiei; Fakher Rahim; Vafa Rahimi-Movaghar; Mahfuzar Rahman; Mosiur Rahman; Amir Masoud Rahmani; Priyanga Ranasinghe; Chythra R. Rao; David Laith Rawaf; Salman Rawaf; Marissa B. Reitsma; Giuseppe Remuzzi; Andre M. N. Renzaho; Melese Abate Reta; Nima Rezaei; Omid Rezahosseini; Mohammad Sadegh Rezai; Aziz Rezapour; Gholamreza Roshandel; Denis O. Roshchin; Siamak Sabour; K. M. Saif-Ur-Rahman; Nasir Salam; Hossein Samadi Kafil; Mehrnoosh Samaei; Abdallah M. Samy; Satish Saroshe; Benn Sartorius; Brijesh Sathian; Susan M. Sawyer; Subramanian Senthilkumaran; Allen Seylani; Omid Shafaat; Masood Ali Shaikh; Kiomars Sharafi; Ranjitha S. Shetty; Mika Shigematsu; Jae Il Shin; Joao Pedro Silva; Jitendra Kumar Singh; Smriti Sinha; Valentin Yurievich Skryabin; Anna Aleksandrovna Skryabina; Emma Elizabeth Spurlock; Chandrashekhar T. Sreeramareddy; Paschalis Steiropoulos; Mu'awiyyah Babale Sufiyan; Takahiro Tabuchi; Eyayou Girma Tadesse; Zemenu Tamir; Elvis Enowbeyang Tarkang; Yohannes Tekalegn; Fisaha Haile Tesfay; Belay Tessema; Rekha Thapar; Imad I. Tleyjeh; Ruoyan Tobe-Gai; Bach Xuan Tran; Berhan Tsegaye; Gebiyaw Wudie Tsegaye; Anayat Ullah; Chukwuma David Umeokonkwo; Sahel Valadan Tahbaz; Bay Vo; Giang Thu Vu; Yasir Waheed; Magdalene K. Walters; Joanna L. Whisnant; Mesfin Agachew Woldekidan; Befikadu Legesse Wubishet; Seyed Hossein Yahyazadeh Jabbari; Taklo Simeneh Yazie Yazie; Yigizie Yeshaw; Siyan Yi; Naohiro Yonemoto; Chuanhua Yu; Ismaeel Yunusa; Mikhail Sergeevich Zastrozhin; Anasthasia Zastrozhina; Zhi-Jiang Zhang; Alimuddin Zumla; Ali H. Mokdad; Joshua A. Salomon; Robert C. Reiner Jr; Stephen S. Lim; Mohsen Naghavi; Theo Vos; Simon Hay; Christopher J. L. Murray; Hmwe Hmwe Kyu; GBD 2019 Tb Collaborators

doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(21)00449-7

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Global, regional, and national sex differences in the global burden of tuberculosis by HIV status, 1990-2019: results from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

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Global, regional, and national sex differences in the global burden of tuberculosis by HIV status, 1990-2019: results from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Jorge R. Ledesma, Jianing Ma, Avina Vongpradith, Emilie R. Maddison, Amanda Novotney, Molly H. Biehl, Kate E. LeGrand, Jennifer M. Ross, Deepa Jahagirdar, Dana Bryazka, …

The Lancet infectious diseases, Vol.22(2), pp.222-241

01/02/2022

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(21)00449-7

PMID: 34563275

Abstract

Infectious Diseases

Life Sciences & Biomedicine

Science & Technology

Background Tuberculosis is a major contributor to the global burden of disease, causing more than a million deaths annually. Given an emphasis on equity in access to diagnosis and treatment of tuberculosis in global health targets, evaluations of differences in tuberculosis burden by sex are crucial. We aimed to assess the levels and trends of the global burden of tuberculosis, with an emphasis on investigating differences in sex by HIV status for 204 countries and territories from 1990 to 2019. Methods We used a Bayesian hierarchical Cause of Death Ensemble model (CODEm) platform to analyse 21 505 site-years of vital registration data, 705 site-years of verbal autopsy data, 825 site-years of sample-based vital registration data, and 680 site-years of mortality surveillance data to estimate mortality due to tuberculosis among HIV-negative individuals. We used a population attributable fraction approach to estimate mortality related to HIV and tuberculosis coinfection. A compartmental meta-regression tool (DisMod-MR 2.1) was then used to synthesise all available data sources, including prevalence surveys, annual case notifications, population-based tuberculin surveys, and tuberculosis cause-specific mortality, to produce estimates of incidence, prevalence, and mortality that were internally consistent. We further estimated the fraction of tuberculosis mortality that is attributable to independent effects of risk factors, including smoking, alcohol use, and diabetes, for HIV-negative individuals. For individuals with HIV and tuberculosis coinfection, we assessed mortality attributable to HIV risk factors including unsafe sex, intimate partner violence (only estimated among females), and injection drug use. We present 95% uncertainty intervals for all estimates. Findings Globally, in 2019, among HIV-negative individuals, there were 1.18 million (95% uncertainty interval 1.08-1.29) deaths due to tuberculosis and 8.50 million (7.45-9.73) incident cases of tuberculosis. Among HIV-positive individuals, there were 217 000 (153 000-279 000) deaths due to tuberculosis and 1.15 million (1.01-1.32) incident cases in 2019. More deaths and incident cases occurred in males than in females among HIV-negative individuals globally in 2019, with 342 000 (234 000-425 000) more deaths and 1.01 million (0.82-1.23) more incident cases in males than in females. Among HIV-positive individuals, 6250 (1820-11 400) more deaths and 81 100 (63 300-100 000) more incident cases occurred among females than among males in 2019. Age-standardised mortality rates among HIV-negative males were more than two times greater in 105 countries and age-standardised incidence rates were more than 1.5 times greater in 74 countries than among HIV-negative females in 2019. The fraction of global tuberculosis deaths among HIV-negative individuals attributable to alcohol use, smoking, and diabetes was 4.27 (3.69-5.02), 6.17 (5.48-7.02), and 1.17 (1.07-1.28) times higher, respectively, among males than among females in 2019. Among individuals with HIV and tuberculosis coinfection, the fraction of mortality attributable to injection drug use was 2.23 (2.03-2.44) times greater among males than females, whereas the fraction due to unsafe sex was 1.06 (1.05-1.08) times greater among females than males. Interpretation As countries refine national tuberculosis programmes and strategies to end the tuberculosis epidemic, the excess burden experienced by males is important. Interventions are needed to actively communicate, especially to men, the importance of early diagnosis and treatment. These interventions should occur in parallel with efforts to minimise excess HIV burden among women in the highest HIV burden countries that are contributing to excess HIV and tuberculosis coinfection burden for females. Placing a focus on tuberculosis burden among HIV-negative males and HIV and tuberculosis coinfection among females might help to diminish the overall burden of tuberculosis. This strategy will be crucial in reaching both equity and burden targets outlined by global health milestones. Copyright (C) 2021 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.

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Title: Global, regional, and national sex differences in the global burden of tuberculosis by HIV status, 1990-2019: results from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019
Creators - without role: Jorge R. Ledesma - University of Washington
Jianing Ma - University of Washington
Avina Vongpradith - University of Washington
Emilie R. Maddison - University of Washington
Amanda Novotney - University of Washington
Molly H. Biehl - World Hlth Org WHO, Div Data Analyt & Delivery Impact, Geneva, Switzerland
Kate E. LeGrand - University of Washington
Jennifer M. Ross - University of Washington
Deepa Jahagirdar - University of Washington
Dana Bryazka - University of Washington
Rachel Feldman - University of Washington
Hassan Abolhassani - College Station Medical Center
Akine Eshete Abosetugn - Debre Berhan University
Eman Abu-Gharbieh - University of Sharjah
Oladimeji M. Adebayo - College Station Medical Center
Qorinah Estiningtyas Sakilah Adnani - Karya Husada Inst Hlth Sci, Dept Midwifery, Kediri, Indonesia
Saira Afzal - Mécanique et Engrenage Moderne
Bright Opoku Ahinkorah - University of Technology Sydney
Sajjad Ahmad Ahmad - College Station Medical Center
Sepideh Ahmadi - Shahid Beheshti University
Tarik Ahmed Rashid - University of Kurdistan Hewler
Yusra Ahmed Salih - Sulaimani Polytech Univ, Database Technol Dept, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq
Addis Aklilu - Arba Minch University
Chisom Joyqueenet Akunna - Intercountry Ctr Oral Hlth ICOH Africa, Dept Publ Hlth, Jos, Nigeria
Hanadi Al Hamad - College Station Medical Center
Fares Alahdab - Evidence
Yosef Alemayehu - Arba Minch University
Kefyalew Addis Alene - Curtin University
Beriwan Abdulqadir Ali - Erbil Polytech Univ, Erbil Tech Hlth Coll, Erbil, Iraq
Liaqat Ali - College Station Medical Center
Vahid Alipour - College Station Medical Center
Hesam Alizade - Hormozgan University
Rajaa M. Al-Raddadi - King Abdulaziz University
Nelson Alvis-Guzman - University of the Coast
Saeed Amini - Arak University
Arianna Maever L. Amit - Supreme Council Of Health
Jason A. Anderson - University of Washington
Sofia Androudi - University of Thessaly
Carl Abelardo T. Antonio - University of the Philippines Manila
Catherine M. Antony - University of Washington
Razique Anwer - Imam Mohammad ibn Saud Islamic University
Jalal Arabloo
Asrat Arja - Data Management
Mulusew A. Asemahagn - Bahir Dar University
Sachin R. Atre - College Station Medical Center
Gulrez Shah Azhar - University of Washington
B. B. Darshan - College Station Medical Center
Zaheer-Ud-Din Babar - University of Huddersfield
Atif Amin Baig - Sultan Zainal Abidin University
Maciej Banach - College Station Medical Center
Hiba Jawdat Barqawi - University of Sharjah
Fabio Barra - University of Genoa
Amadou Barrow - University of the Gambia
Sanjay Basu - Harvard University
Uzma Iqbal Belgaumi - College Station Medical Center
Akshaya Srikanth Bhagavathula - Charles University
Nikha Bhardwaj - College Station Medical Center
Pankaj Bhardwaj - College Station Medical Center
Natalia Bhattacharjee - University of Washington
Krittika Bhattacharyya - Natl Inst Biomed Genom, Dept Stat & Computat Genom, Kalyani, W Bengal, India
Ali Bijani - College Station Medical Center
Boris Bikbov - Mario Negri Inst Pharmacol Res, Ranica, Italy
Archith Boloor - College Station Medical Center
Nikolay Ivanovich Briko - Evidence
Danilo Buonsenso - Agostino Gemelli Univ Polyclin IRCCS, Dept Woman & Child Hlth & Publ Hlth, Fdn Policlin Univ A Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
Sharath Burugina Nagaraja - College Station Medical Center
Zahid A. Butt - University of Waterloo
Austin Carter - University of Washington
Felix Carvalho - Universidade do Porto
Jaykaran Charan - Supreme Council Of Health
Souranshu Chatterjee - Medanta Medicity, Dept Microbiol & Infect Control, Gurugram, India
Soosanna Kumary Chattu - Texila Amer Univ, Dept Publ Hlth, Georgetown, Guyana
Vijay Kumar Chattu - University of Toronto
Devasahayam J. Christopher - College Station Medical Center
Dinh-Toi Chu - Supreme Council Of Health
Mareli M. Claassens - University of Namibia
Omid Dadras - Walailak University
Amare Belachew Dagnew - Bahir Dar University
Xiaochen Dai - University of Washington
Lalit Dandona - University of Washington
Rakhi Dandona - University of Washington
Parnaz Daneshpajouhnejad - College Station Medical Center
Aso Mohammad Darwesh - Univ Human Dev, Dept Informat Technol, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq
Deepak Dhamnetiya - College Station Medical Center
Mostafa Dianatinasab - Biostat
Daniel Diaz - Univ Nacl Autonoma Mexico, Ctr Complex Sci, Mexico City, DF, Mexico
Linh Phuong Doan - Duy Tan University
Sahar Eftekharzadeh - Childrens Hosp Philadelphia, Div Urol, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
Muhammed Elhadi - University of Tripoli
Amir Emami - Shiraz University
Shymaa Enany - Suez Canal University
Emerito Jose A. Faraon - University of the Philippines Manila
Farshad Farzadfar - University of Tehran
Eduarda Fernandes - Universidade do Porto
Lorenzo Ferro Desideri - University of Genoa
Irina Filip - Kaiser Permanente
Florian Fischer - Ravensburg Weingarten Univ Appl Sci, Inst Gerontol Hlth Serv & Nursing Res, Weingarten, Germany
Masoud Foroutan - College Station Medical Center
Tahvi D. Frank - Columbia University
Alberto L. Garcia-Basteiro - Manhi Hlth Res Ctr CISM, Dept TB, Manhica, Mozambique
Christian Garcia-Calavaro - University of Santiago Chile
Tushar Garg - Mécanique et Engrenage Moderne
Biniyam Sahiledengle Geberemariyam - Madda Walabu University
Keyghobad Ghadiri - College Station Medical Center
Ahmad Ghashghaee - College Station Medical Center
Mahaveer Golechha - Indian Inst Publ Hlth, Gandhinagar, India
Amador Goodridge - City of Knowledge
Bhawna Gupta - Torrens Univ, Dept Publ Hlth, Melbourne, Vic, Australia
Sapna Gupta - Shriram Inst Ind Res, Toxicol Dept, Delhi, India
Veer Bala Gupta - Deakin University
Vivek Kumar Gupta - Macquarie University
Mohammad Rifat Haider - Ohio University
Samer Hamidi - Hamdan Bin Mohammed Smart University
Asif Hanif - University of Lahore
Shafiul Haque - Jazan University
Harapan Harapan - Syiah Kuala University
Arief Hargono - Univ Airlangga, Dept Epidemiol, Surabaya, Indonesia
Ahmed Hasaballah - Al Azhar Univ, Dept Zool & Entomol, Cairo, Egypt
Abdiwahab Hashi - Jigjiga University
Shoaib Hassan - University of Bergen
Hadi Hassankhani - Supreme Council Of Health
Khezar Hayat - Univ Vet & Anim Sci, Inst Pharmaceut Sci, Lahore, Pakistan
Kamal Hezam - Taiz University
Ramesh Holla - College Station Medical Center
Mehdi Hosseinzadeh - College Station Medical Center
Mihaela Hostiuc - College Station Medical Center
Mowafa Househ - Hamad bin Khalifa University
Rabia Hussain - Supreme Council Of Health
Segun Emmanuel Ibitoye - University of Ibadan
Irena M. Ilic - University of Belgrade
Milena D. Ilic - University of Kragujevac
Seyed Sina Naghibi Irvani
Nahlah Elkudssiah Ismail - Mahsa University
Ramaiah Itumalla - University of Ha'il
Jalil Jaafari - College Station Medical Center
Kathryn H. Jacobsen - George Mason University
Vardhmaan Jain - College Station Medical Center
Fatemeh Javanmardi - Shiraz University
Sathish Kumar Jayapal - Minist Hlth, Ctr Studies & Res, Muscat, Oman
Shubha Jayaram - College Station Medical Center
Ravi Prakash Jha - College Station Medical Center
Jost B. Jonas - Heidelberg University
Nitin Joseph - College Station Medical Center
Farahnaz Joukar - College Station Medical Center
Zubair Kabir - Supreme Council Of Health
Ashwin Kamath - College Station Medical Center
Tanuj Kanchan - College Station Medical Center
Himal Kandel - University of Sydney
Patrick Dmc Katoto - Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo
Gbenga A. Kayode - Int Res Ctr Excellence, Inst Human Virol Nigeria, Abuja, Nigeria
Parkes J. Kendrick - University of Washington
Amene Abebe Kerbo - Wolaita Sodo University
Himanshu Khajuria - Amity Univ, Amity Inst Forens Sci, Noida, India
Rovshan Khalilov - Baku State University
Khaled Khatab - Sheffield Hallam University
Abdullah T. Khoja - Imam Mohammad ibn Saud Islamic University
Jagdish Khubchandani - New Mexico State University
Min Seo Kim - Samsung Adv Inst Hlth Sci & Technol SAIHST, Dept Genom & Digital Hlth, Seoul, South Korea
Yun Jin Kim - Xiamen University Malaysia
Adnan Kisa - Supreme Council Of Health
Sezer Kisa - Oslo Metropolitan Univ, Dept Nursing & Hlth Promot, Oslo, Norway
Soewarta Kosen
Parvaiz A. Koul - College Station Medical Center
Sindhura Lakshmi Koulmane Laxminarayana - College Station Medical Center
Ai Koyanagi - San Juan Dios Sanit Pk, Network Ctr Biomed Res Mental Hlth, Sant Boi De Llobregat, Spain
Kewal Krishan - Panjab University
Burcu Kucuk Bicer - Gazi University
Avinash Kumar - College Station Medical Center
G. Anil Kumar - Publ Hlth Fdn India, Gurugram, India
Narinder Kumar
Nithin Kumar - College Station Medical Center
Alexander Kwarteng - Kwame Nkrumah University
Hassan Mehmood Lak
Dharmesh Kumar Lal - Publ Hlth Fdn India, Gurugram, India
Ivan Landires - College Station Medical Center
Savita Lasrado - College Station Medical Center
Shaun Wen Huey Lee - Monash University
Wei-Chen Lee - Univ Texas Galveston, Off Hlth Policy & Legislat Affairs, Galveston, TX USA
Christine Lin - University of Washington
Xuefeng Liu - Case Western Reserve University
Platon D. Lopukhov - Evidence
Rafael Lozano - University of Washington
Daiane Borges Machado - British Science Association
Shilpashree Madhava Kunjathur - College Station Medical Center
Deepak Madi - College Station Medical Center
Preetam Bhalchandra Mahajan - College Station Medical Center
Azeem Majeed - Imperial Coll London, Dept Primary Care & Publ Hlth, London, England
Ahmad Azam Malik - King Abdulaziz University
Francisco Rogerlandio Martins-Melo - Federal Reserve
Saurabh Mehta - Cornell University
Ziad A. Memish - Alfaisal University
Walter Mendoza - United Nations
Ritesh G. Menezes - Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University
Hayimro Edemealem Merie - Debre Markos University
Amanual Getnet Mersha - Supreme Council Of Health
Mohamed Kamal Mesregah - Univ Southern Calif, Dept Orthopaed Surg, Los Angeles, CA USA
Tomislav Mestrovic - Dr Zora Profozic Polyclin, Clin Microbiol & Parasitol Unit, Zagreb, Croatia
Nour Mheidly Mheidly - Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona
Sanjeev Misra - College Station Medical Center
Prasanna Mithra - College Station Medical Center
Masoud Moghadaszadeh - College Station Medical Center
Mokhtar Mohammadi - Lebanese French University
Abdollah Mohammadian-Hafshejani - Shahrekord University
Shafiu Mohammed - Ahmadu Bello University
Mariam Molokhia - College Station Medical Center
Mohammad Ali Moni - Pabna Univ Sci & Technol, Dept Comp Sci & Engn, Pabna, Bangladesh
Ahmed Al Montasir - College Station Medical Center
Catrin E. Moore - University of Oxford
Ahamarshan Jayaraman Nagarajan - Initiat Financing Hlth & Human Dev, Res & Analyt Dept, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
Sanjeev Nair
Suma Nair - College Station Medical Center
Atta Abbas Naqvi - Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University
Sreenivas Narasimha Swamy - College Station Medical Center
Biswa Prakash Nayak - Amity Univ, Amity Inst Forens Sci, Noida, India
Javad Nazari - Arak University
Sandhya Neupane Kandel - Bupa
Trang Huyen Nguyen - Duy Tan University
Molly R. Nixon - University of Washington
Chukwudi A. Nnaji - College Station Medical Center
Mpiko Ntsekhe - University of Cape Town
Virginia Nunez-Samudio - College Station Medical Center
Bogdan Oancea - University of Bucharest
Oluwakemi Ololade Odukoya - University of Lagos
Andrew T. Olagunju - McMaster University
Eyal Oren - San Diego State University
P. A. Mahesh - College Station Medical Center
Ramakrishnan Parthasarathi - CSIR, Indian Inst Toxicol Res, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
Fatemeh Pashazadeh Kan - College Station Medical Center
Sanjay M. Pattanshetty - Manipal Acad Higher Educ, Dept Hlth Policy, Manipal, Karnataka, India
Rajan Paudel - Tribhuvan University
Pintu Paul - Jawahar Lal Nehru Univ, Ctr Study Reg Dev, New Delhi, India
Shrikant Pawar - Yale University
Veincent Christian Filipino Pepito - Ateneo de Manila University
Yigit - Suleyman Demirel Univ, Dept Hlth Management, Isparta, Turkey
Norberto Perico - Mario Negri Inst Pharmacol Res, Bergamo, Italy
Majid Pirestani - Tarbiat Modares University
Roman Polibin - Evidence
Maarten J. Postma - University of Groningen
Akram Pourshams - University of Tehran
Akila Prashant - JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research
Dimas Ria Angga Pribadi - Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta
Amir Radfar - College Station Medical Center
Alireza Rafiei - College Station Medical Center
Fakher Rahim - University of Tehran
Vafa Rahimi-Movaghar - University of Tehran
Mahfuzar Rahman - University of Rajshahi
Mosiur Rahman - Pure Earth
Amir Masoud Rahmani - Natl Yunlin Univ Sci & Technol, Future Technol Res Ctr, Touliu, Yunlin, Taiwan
Priyanga Ranasinghe - University of Colombo
Chythra R. Rao - College Station Medical Center
David Laith Rawaf - Imperial Coll London, WHO Collaborating Ctr Publ Hlth Educ & Training, London, England
Salman Rawaf - Imperial Coll London, Dept Primary Care & Publ Hlth, London, England
Marissa B. Reitsma - University of Washington
Giuseppe Remuzzi - Mario Negri Inst Pharmacol Res, Bergamo, Italy
Andre M. N. Renzaho - Western Sydney University
Melese Abate Reta - Woldia University
Nima Rezaei - University of Tehran
Omid Rezahosseini - University of Copenhagen
Mohammad Sadegh Rezai - College Station Medical Center
Aziz Rezapour - College Station Medical Center
Gholamreza Roshandel - Golestan University
Denis O. Roshchin - Semashko Natl Res Inst Publ Hlth, Dept Lifestyle Res & Publ Hlth, Moscow, Russia
Siamak Sabour - Shahid Beheshti University
K. M. Saif-Ur-Rahman - Int Ctr Diarrhoeal Dis Res, Hlth Syst & Populat Studies Div, Dhaka, Bangladesh
Nasir Salam - University of the Punjab
Hossein Samadi Kafil - College Station Medical Center
Mehrnoosh Samaei - Brown University
Abdallah M. Samy - Ain Shams University
Satish Saroshe - Mécanique et Engrenage Moderne
Benn Sartorius - University of Washington
Brijesh Sathian - College Station Medical Center
Susan M. Sawyer - University of Melbourne
Subramanian Senthilkumaran - College Station Medical Center
Allen Seylani - NHLBI, NIH, Rockville, MD USA
Omid Shafaat - Johns Hopkins University
Masood Ali Shaikh
Kiomars Sharafi - College Station Medical Center
Ranjitha S. Shetty - College Station Medical Center
Mika Shigematsu - Natl Inst Infect Dis, Tokyo, Japan
Jae Il Shin - Yonsei University
Joao Pedro Silva - Universidade do Porto
Jitendra Kumar Singh - Tribhuvan University
Smriti Sinha - Manipal Acad Higher Educ, Dept Anaesthesiol, Mangalore, India
Valentin Yurievich Skryabin - Moscow Res & Pract Ctr Addict, Dept 16, Moscow, Russia
Anna Aleksandrovna Skryabina - Balashiha Cent Hosp, Therapeut Dept, Balashikha, Russia
Emma Elizabeth Spurlock - University of Washington
Chandrashekhar T. Sreeramareddy - College Station Medical Center
Paschalis Steiropoulos - Democritus University of Thrace
Mu'awiyyah Babale Sufiyan - Ahmadu Bello University
Takahiro Tabuchi - Osaka Int Canc Inst, Canc Control Ctr, Osaka, Japan
Eyayou Girma Tadesse - Arba Minch University
Zemenu Tamir - Addis Ababa University
Elvis Enowbeyang Tarkang - Univ Hlth & Allied Sci, Dept Populat & Behav Sci, Ho, Ghana
Yohannes Tekalegn - Madda Walabu University
Fisaha Haile Tesfay - Mekelle University
Belay Tessema - University of Gondar
Rekha Thapar - College Station Medical Center
Imad I. Tleyjeh - College Station Medical Center
Ruoyan Tobe-Gai - Natl Inst Populat & Social Secur Res, Dept Social Secur Empir Res, Tokyo, Japan
Bach Xuan Tran - College Station Medical Center
Berhan Tsegaye - Hawassa University
Gebiyaw Wudie Tsegaye - Bahir Dar University
Anayat Ullah - College Station Medical Center
Chukwuma David Umeokonkwo - Alex Ekwueme Fed Univ Teaching Hosp Abakaliki, Dept Community Med, Abakaliki, Nigeria
Sahel Valadan Tahbaz - Milad Gen Hosp, Clin Canc Res Ctr, Tehran, Iran
Bay Vo - HUTECH University
Giang Thu Vu - Trường ĐH Nguyễn Tất Thành
Yasir Waheed - College Station Medical Center
Magdalene K. Walters - University of Washington
Joanna L. Whisnant - University of Washington
Mesfin Agachew Woldekidan - Data Management
Befikadu Legesse Wubishet - Univ Newcastle, Res Ctr Generat Hlth & Ageing, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
Seyed Hossein Yahyazadeh Jabbari - Milad Gen Hosp, Clin Canc Res Ctr, Tehran, Iran
Taklo Simeneh Yazie Yazie - Debre Tabor University
Yigizie Yeshaw - University of Gondar
Siyan Yi - Supreme Council Of Health
Naohiro Yonemoto - Natl Ctr Neurol & Psychiat, Dept Neuropsychopharmacol, Kodaira, Tokyo, Japan
Chuanhua Yu - Wuhan University
Ismaeel Yunusa - Harvard University
Mikhail Sergeevich Zastrozhin - Moscow Res & Pract Ctr Addict, Lab Genet & Genom, Moscow, Russia
Anasthasia Zastrozhina - College Station Medical Center
Zhi-Jiang Zhang - Wuhan University
Alimuddin Zumla - Univ Coll Hosp, NIHR Biomed Res Ctr NIHR BRC, London, England
Ali H. Mokdad - University of Washington
Joshua A. Salomon - Stanford University
Robert C. Reiner Jr - University of Washington
Stephen S. Lim - University of Washington
Mohsen Naghavi - University of Washington
Theo Vos - University of Washington
Simon Hay - University of Washington
Christopher J. L. Murray - University of Washington
Hmwe Hmwe Kyu - University of Washington
GBD 2019 Tb Collaborators
Publication Details: The Lancet infectious diseases, Vol.22(2), pp.222-241
Publisher: Elsevier
Number of pages: 20
Grant note: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation; CGIAR
Identifiers: 9913534908331
Academic Unit: Alfaisal University; Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU); King Abdulaziz University; University Ha'il; Jazan University; Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University
Language: English
Resource Type: Journal article