Abstract
Graphene oxide (GO) is considered a promising material for biological application due to its unique properties. However, the potential toxicity of GO to aquatic organism particularly bluegill sun fish cells (BF-2) is unexplored or remains poorly understood. GO-induced cytotoxicity and oxidative stress in BF-2 cells were assessed using a battery of biomarkers. Two different biological assays (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide and neutral red uptake were used to evaluate the cytotoxicity of GO on BF-2 cells. It was found that GO induced dose- and time-dependent cytotoxicity on BF-2 cells. BF-2 cells exposed to lower concentration of GO (40g ml(-1)) for 24 induced morphological changes when compared to their respective controls. As evidence for oxidative stress lipid peroxidation, superoxide dismutase, catalase, reactive oxygen species and 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine levels were increased and glutathione levels were found to decline in BF-2 cells after treatment with GO. Our findings demonstrate that GO when exposed to BF-2 fish cells cause oxidative stress.
The viability of BF-2 cells reduced in a dose dependent manner when exposed to GO using MTT and NRU assays. The morphology of BF-2 cells was altered when exposed to GO in comparison to their respective controls. As evidence for oxidative stress lipid peroxidation, superoxide dismutase, catalase, reactive oxygen species and 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine levels were increased and glutathione levels were found to decline in BF-2 cells after treatment with GO.