Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy

Daniel J. Klionsky; Fabio C. Abdalla; Hagai Abeliovich; Robert T. Abraham; Abraham Acevedo-Arozena; Khosrow Adeli; Lotta Agholme; Maria Agnello; Patrizia Agostinis; Julio A. Aguirre-Ghiso; Hyung Jun Ahn; Ouardia Ait-Mohamed; Slimane Ait-Si-Ali; Takahiko Akematsu; Shizuo Akira; Hesham M. Al-Younes; Munir A. Al-Zeer; Matthew L. Albert; Roger L. Albin; Javier Alegre-Abarrategui; Maria Francesca Aleo; Mehrdad Alirezaei; Alexandru Almasan; Maylin Almonte-Becerril; Atsuo Amano; Ravi K. Amaravadi; Shoba Amarnath; Amal O. Amer; Nathalie Andrieu-Abadie; Vellareddy Anantharam; David K. Ann; Shailendra Anoopkumar-Dukie; Hiroshi Aoki; Nadezda Apostolova; Giuseppe Arancia; John P. Aris; Katsuhiko Asanuma; Nana Y.O. Asare; Hisashi Ashida; Valerie Askanas; David S. Askew; Patrick Auberger; Misuzu Baba; Steven K. Backues; Eric H. Baehrecke; Ben A. Bahr; Xue-Yuan Bai; Yannick Bailly; Robert Baiocchi; Giulia Baldini; Walter Balduini; Andrea Ballabio; Bruce A. Bamber; Edward T.W. Bampton; Gábor Juhász; Clinton R. Bartholomew; Diane C. Bassham; Robert C. Bast; Henri Batoko; Boon-Huat Bay; Isabelle Beau; Daniel M. Béchet; Thomas J. Begley; Christian Behl; Christian Behrends; Soumeya Bekri; Bryan Bellaire; Linda J. Bendall; Luca Benetti; Laura Berliocchi; Henri Bernardi; Francesca Bernassola; Sébastien Besteiro; Ingrid Bhatia-Kissova; Xiaoning Bi; Martine Biard-Piechaczyk; Janice S. Blum; Lawrence H. Boise; Paolo Bonaldo; David L. Boone; Beat C. Bornhauser; Karina R. Bortoluci; Ioannis Bossis; Frédéric Bost; Jean-Pierre Bourquin; Patricia Boya; Michaël Boyer-Guittaut; Peter V. Bozhkov; Nathan R Brady; Claudio Brancolini; Andreas Brech; Jay E. Brenman; Ana Brennand; Emery H. Bresnick; Patrick Brest; Dave Bridges; Molly L. Bristol; Paul S. Brookes; Eric J. Brown; John H. Brumell; Nicola Brunetti-Pierri; Ulf T. Brunk; Dennis E. Bulman; Scott J. Bultman; Geert Bultynck; Lena F. Burbulla; Wilfried Bursch; Jonathan P. Butchar; Wanda Buzgariu; Sergio P. Bydlowski; Ken Cadwell; Monika Cahová; Dongsheng Cai; Jiyang Cai; Qian Cai; Bruno Calabretta; Javier Calvo-Garrido; Nadine Camougrand; Michelangelo Campanella; Jenny Campos-Salinas; Eleonora Candi; Lizhi Cao; Allan B. Caplan; Simon R. Carding; Sandra M. Cardoso; Jennifer S. Carew; Cathleen R. Carlin; Virginie Carmignac; Leticia A.M. Carneiro; Serena Carra; Rosario A. Caruso; Giorgio Casari; Caty Casas; Roberta Castino; Eduardo Cebollero; Francesco Cecconi; Jean Celli; Hassan Chaachouay; Han-Jung Chae; Chee-Yin Chai; David C. Chan; Edmond Y. Chan; Raymond Chuen-Chung Chang; Chi-Ming Che; Ching-Chow Chen; Guang-Chao Chen; Guo-Qiang Chen; Min Chen; Quan Chen; Steve S.-L. Chen; WenLi Chen; Xi Chen; Xiangmei Chen; Xiequn Chen; Ye-Guang Chen; Yingyu Chen; Yongqiang Chen; Yu-Jen Chen; Zhixiang Chen; Alan Cheng; Christopher H.K. Cheng; Yan Cheng; Heesun Cheong; Jae-Ho Cheong; Sara Cherry; Russ Chess-Williams; Zelda H. Cheung; Eric Chevet; Hui-Ling Chiang; Roberto Chiarelli; Tomoki Chiba; Lih-Shen Chin; Shih-Hwa Chiou; Francis V. Chisari; Chi Hin Cho; Dong-Hyung Cho; Augustine M.K. Choi; DooSeok Choi; Kyeong Sook Choi; Mary E. Choi; Salem Chouaib; Divaker Choubey; Vinay Choubey; Charleen T. Chu; Tsung-Hsien Chuang; Sheau-Huei Chueh; Taehoon Chun; Yong-Joon Chwae; Mee-Len Chye; Roberto Ciarcia; Maria R. Ciriolo; Michael J. Clague; Robert S.B. Clark; Peter G.H. Clarke; Robert Clarke; Patrice Codogno; Hilary A. Coller; María I. Colombo; Sergio Comincini; Maria Condello; Fabrizio Condorelli; Mark R. Cookson; Graham H. Coombs; Isabelle Coppens; Ramon Corbalan; Pascale Cossart; Paola Costelli; Safia Costes; Ana Coto-Montes; Eduardo Couve; Fraser P. Coxon; James M. Cregg; José L. Crespo; Marianne J. Cronjé; Ana Maria Cuervo; Joseph J. Cullen; Mark J. Czaja; Marcello D'Amelio; Arlette Darfeuille-Michaud; Lester M. Davids; Faith E. Davies; Massimo De Felici; John F. de Groot; Cornelis A.M. de Haan; Luisa De Martino; Angelo De Milito; Vincenzo De Tata; Jayanta Debnath; Alexei Degterev; Benjamin Dehay; Lea M.D. Delbridge; Francesca Demarchi; Yi Zhen Deng; Jörn Dengjel; Paul Dent; Donna Denton; Vojo Deretic; Shyamal D. Desai; Rodney J. Devenish; Mario Di Gioacchino; Gilbert Di Paolo; Chiara Di Pietro; Guillermo Díaz-Araya; Inés Díaz-Laviada; Maria T. Diaz-Meco; Javier Diaz-Nido; Ivan Dikic; Savithramma P. Dinesh-Kumar; Wen-Xing Ding; Clark W. Distelhorst; Abhinav Diwan; Mojgan Djavaheri-Mergny; Svetlana Dokudovskaya; Zheng Dong; Frank C. Dorsey; Victor Dosenko; James J. Dowling; Stephen Doxsey; Marlène Dreux; Mark E. Drew; Qiuhong Duan; Michel A. Duchosal; Karen E. Duff; Isabelle Dugail; Madeleine Durbeej; Michael Duszenko; Charles L. Edelstein; Aimee L. Edinger; Gustavo Egea; Ludwig Eichinger; N. Tony Eissa; Suhendan Ekmekcioglu; Wafik S. El-Deiry; Zvulun Elazar; Mohamed Elgendy; Lisa M. Ellerby; Kai Er Eng; Anna-Mart Engelbrecht; Simone Engelender; Jekaterina Erenpreisa; Ricardo Escalante; Audrey Esclatine; Eeva-Liisa Eskelinen; Lucile Espert; Virginia Espina; Huizhou Fan; Jia Fan; Qi-Wen Fan; Zhen Fan; Shengyun Fang; Yongqi Fang; Manolis Fanto; Alessandro Fanzani; Thomas Farkas; Jean-Claude Farre; Mathias Faure; Marcus Fechheimer; Carl G. Feng; Jian Feng; Qili Feng; Youji Feng; László Fésüs; Ralph Feuer; Maria E. Figueiredo-Pereira; Gian Maria Fimia; Diane C. Fingar; Steven Finkbeiner; Toren Finkel; Kim D. Finley; Filomena Fiorito; Edward A. Fisher; Paul B. Fisher; Marc Flajolet; Maria L. Florez-McClure; Salvatore Florio; Edward A. Fon; Francesco Fornai; Franco Fortunato; Rati Fotedar; Daniel H. Fowler; Howard S. Fox; Rodrigo Franco; Lisa B. Frankel; Marc Fransen; José M. Fuentes; Juan Fueyo; Jun Fujii; Kozo Fujisaki; Eriko Fujita; Mitsunori Fukuda; Ruth H. Furukawa; Matthias Gaestel; Philippe Gailly; Malgorzata Gajewska; Brigitte Galliot; Vincent Galy; Subramaniam Ganesh; Barry Ganetzky; Ian G. Ganley; Fen-Biao Gao; George F. Gao; Jinming Gao; Lorena Garcia; Guillermo Garcia-Manero; Mikel Garcia-Marcos; Marjan Garmyn; Andrei L. Gartel; Evelina Gatti; Mathias Gautel; Thomas R. Gawriluk; Matthew E. Gegg; Jiefei Geng; Marc Germain; Jason E. Gestwicki; David A. Gewirtz; Saeid Ghavami; Pradipta Ghosh; Anna M. Giammarioli; Alexandra N. Giatromanolaki; Spencer B. Gibson; Robert W. Gilkerson; Michael L. Ginger; Henry N. Ginsberg; Jakub Golab; Michael S. Goligorsky; Pierre Golstein; Candelaria Gomez-Manzano; Ebru Goncu; Céline Gongora; Claudio D. Gonzalez; Ramon Gonzalez; Cristina González-Estévez; Rosa Ana González-Polo; Elena Gonzalez-Rey; Nikolai V. Gorbunov; Sharon Gorski; Sandro Goruppi; Roberta A. Gottlieb; Devrim Gozuacik; Giovanna Elvira Granato; Gary D. Grant; Kim N. Green; Ales Gregorc; Frédéric Gros; Charles Grose; Thomas W. Grunt; Philippe Gual; Jun-Lin Guan; Kun-Liang Guan; Sylvie M. Guichard; Anna S. Gukovskaya; Ilya Gukovsky; Jan Gunst; Åsa B. Gustafsson; Andrew J. Halayko; Amber N. Hale; Sandra K. Halonen; Maho Hamasaki; Feng Han; Ting Han; Michael K. Hancock; Malene Hansen; Hisashi Harada; Masaru Harada; Stefan E. Hardt; J. Wade Harper; Adrian L. Harris; James Harris; Steven D. Harris; Makoto Hashimoto; Jeffrey A. Haspel; Shin-ichiro Hayashi; Lori A. Hazelhurst; Congcong He; You-Wen He; Marie-Josée Hébert; Kim A. Heidenreich; Miep H. Helfrich; Gudmundur V. Helgason; Elizabeth P. Henske; Brian Herman; Paul K. Herman; Claudio Hetz; Sabine Hilfiker; Joseph A. Hill; Lynne J. Hocking; Paul Hofman; Thomas G. Hofmann; Jörg Höhfeld; Tessa L. Holyoake; Ming-Huang Hong; David A. Hood; Gökhan S. Hotamisligil; Ewout J. Houwerzijl; Maria Høyer-Hansen; Bingren Hu; Chien-an A. Hu; Hong-Ming Hu; Ya Hua; Canhua Huang; Ju Huang; Shengbing Huang; Wei-Pang Huang; Tobias B. Huber; Won-Ki Huh; Tai-Ho Hung; Ted R. Hupp; Gang Min Hur; James B. Hurley; Sabah N.A. Hussain; Patrick J. Hussey; Jung Jin Hwang; Seungmin Hwang; Atsuhiro Ichihara; Shirin Ilkhanizadeh; Ken Inoki; Takeshi Into; Valentina Iovane; Juan L. Iovanna; Nancy Y. Ip; Yoshitaka Isaka; Hiroyuki Ishida; Ciro Isidoro; Ken-ichi Isobe; Akiko Iwasaki; Marta Izquierdo; Yotaro Izumi; Panu M. Jaakkola; Marja Jäättelä; George R. Jackson; William T. Jackson; Bassam Janji; Marina Jendrach; Ju-Hong Jeon; Eui-Bae Jeung; Hong Jiang; Hongchi Jiang; Jean X. Jiang; Ming Jiang; Qing Jiang; Xuejun Jiang; Alberto Jiménez; Meiyan Jin; Shengkan V. Jin; Cheol O. Joe; Terje Johansen; Daniel E. Johnson; Gail V.W. Johnson; Nicola L. Jones; Bertrand Joseph; Suresh K. Joseph; Annie M. Joubert; Lucienne Juillerat-Jeanneret; Chang Hwa Jung; Yong-Keun Jung; Kai Kaarniranta; Allen Kaasik; Tomohiro Kabuta; Motoni Kadowaki; Katarina Kågedal; Yoshiaki Kamada; Vitaliy O. Kaminskyy; Harm H. Kampinga; Hiromitsu Kanamori; Chanhee Kang; Khong Bee Kang; Kwang Il Kang; Rui Kang; Yoon-A Kang; Tomotake Kanki; Thirumala-Devi Kanneganti; Haruo Kanno; Anumantha G. Kanthasamy; Arthi Kanthasamy; Vassiliki Karantza; Gur P. Kaushal; Susmita Kaushik; Yoshinori Kawazoe; Po-Yuan Ke; John H. Kehrl; Ameeta Kelekar; Claus Kerkhoff; David H. Kessel; Hany Khalil; Jan A.K.W. Kiel; Amy A. Kiger; Akio Kihara; Deok Ryong Kim; Do-Hyung Kim; Dong-Hou Kim; Eun-Kyoung Kim; Hyung-Ryong Kim; Jae-Sung Kim; Jeong Hun Kim; Jin Cheon Kim; John K. Kim; Peter K. Kim; Seong Who Kim; Yong-Sun Kim; Yonghyun Kim; Adi Kimchi; Alec C. Kimmelman; Jason S. King; Timothy J. Kinsella; Vladimir Kirkin; Lorrie A. Kirshenbaum; Katsuhiko Kitamoto; Kaio Kitazato; Ludger Klein; Walter T. Klimecki; Jochen Klucken; Erwin Knecht; Ben C.B. Ko; Jan C. Koch; Hiroshi Koga; Jae-Young Koh; Young Ho Koh; Masato Koike; Masaaki Komatsu; Eiki Kominami; Hee Jeong Kong; Wei-Jia Kong; Viktor I. Korolchuk; Yaichiro Kotake; Michael I. Koukourakis; Juan B. Kouri Flores; Attila L. Kovács; Claudine Kraft; Dimitri Krainc; Helmut Krämer; Carole Kretz-Remy; Anna M. Krichevsky; Guido Kroemer; Rejko Krüger; Oleg Krut; Nicholas T. Ktistakis; Chia-Yi Kuan; Roza Kucharczyk; Ashok Kumar; Raj Kumar; Sharad Kumar; Mondira Kundu; Hsing-Jien Kung; Tino Kurz; Ho Jeong Kwon; Albert R. La Spada; Frank Lafont; Trond Lamark; Jacques Landry; Jon D. Lane; Pierre Lapaquette; Jocelyn F. Laporte; Lajos László; Sergio Lavandero; Josée N. Lavoie; Robert Layfield; Pedro A. Lazo; Weidong Le; Laurent Le Cam; Daniel J. Ledbetter; Alvin J.X. Lee; Byung-Wan Lee; Gyun Min Lee; Jongdae Lee; Ju-hyun lee; Michael Lee; Myung-Shik Lee; Sug Hyung Lee; Christiaan Leeuwenburgh; Patrick Legembre; Renaud Legouis; Michael Lehmann; Huan-Yao Lei; Qun-Ying Lei; David A. Leib; José Leiro; John J. Lemasters; Antoinette Lemoine; Maciej S. Lesniak; Dina Lev; Victor V. Levenson; Beth Levine; Efrat Levy; Faqiang Li; Jun-Lin Li; Lian Li; Sheng Li; Weijie Li; Xue-Jun Li; Yan-Bo Li; Yi-Ping Li; Chengyu Liang; Qiangrong Liang; Yung-Feng Liao; Pawel P. Liberski; Andrew Lieberman; Hyunjung J. Lim; Kah-Leong Lim; Kyu Lim; Chiou-Feng Lin; Fu-Cheng Lin; Jian Lin; Jiandie D. Lin; Kui Lin; Wan-Wan Lin; Weei-Chin Lin; Yi-Ling Lin; Rafael Linden; Paul Lingor; Jennifer Lippincott-Schwartz; Michael P. Lisanti; Paloma B. Liton; Bo Liu; Chun-Feng Liu; Kaiyu Liu; Leyuan Liu; Qiong A. Liu; Wei Liu; Young-Chau Liu; Yule Liu; Richard A. Lockshin; Chun-Nam Lok; Sagar Lonial; Benjamin Loos; Gabriel Lopez-Berestein; Carlos López-Otín; Laura Lossi; Michael T. Lotze; Peter Low; Binfeng Lu; Bingwei Lu; Bo Lu; Zhen Lu; Fréderic Luciano; Nicholas W. Lukacs; Anders H. Lund; Melinda A. Lynch-Day; Yong Ma; Fernando Macian; Jeff P. MacKeigan; Kay F. Macleod; Frank Madeo; Luigi Maiuri; Maria Chiara Maiuri; Davide Malagoli; May Christine V. Malicdan; Walter Malorni; Na Man; Eva-Maria Mandelkow; Stephen Manon; Irena Manov; Kai Mao; Xiang Mao; Zixu Mao; Philippe Marambaud; Daniela Marazziti; Yves L. Marcel; Katie Marchbank; Piero Marchetti; Stefan J. Marciniak; Mateus Marcondes; Mohsen Mardi; Gabriella Marfe; Guillermo Mariño; Maria Markaki; Mark R. Marten; Seamus J. Martin; Camille Martinand-Mari; Wim Martinet; Marta Martinez-Vicente; Matilde Masini; Paola Matarrese; Saburo Matsuo; Raffaele Matteoni; Andreas Mayer; Nathalie M. Mazure; David J. McConkey; Melanie J. McConnell; Catherine McDermott; Christine McDonald; Gerald M. McInerney; Sharon L. McKenna; BethAnn McLaughlin; Pamela J. McLean; Christopher R. McMaster; G. Angus McQuibban; Alfred J. Meijer; Miriam H. Meisler; Alicia Meléndez; Thomas J. Melia; Gerry Melino; Maria A. Mena; Javier A. Menendez; Rubem F. S. Menna-Barreto; Manoj B. Menon; Fiona M. Menzies; Carol A. Mercer; Adalberto Merighi; Diane E. Merry; Stefania Meschini; Christian G. Meyer; Thomas F. Meyer; Chao-Yu Miao; Jun-Ying Miao; Paul A.M. Michels; Carine Michiels; Dalibor Mijaljica; Ana Milojkovic; Saverio Minucci; Clelia Miracco; Cindy K. Miranti; Ioannis Mitroulis; Keisuke Miyazawa; Noboru Mizushima; Baharia Mograbi; Simin Mohseni; Xavier Molero; Bertrand Mollereau; Faustino Mollinedo; Takashi Momoi; Iryna Monastyrska; Martha M. Monick; Mervyn J. Monteiro; Michael N. Moore; Rodrigo Mora; Kevin Moreau; Paula I. Moreira; Yuji Moriyasu; Jorge Moscat; Serge Mostowy; Jeremy C. Mottram; Tomasz Motyl; Charbel E.-H. Moussa; Sylke Müller; Sylviane Muller; Karl Münger; Christian Münz; Leon O. Murphy; Maureen E. Murphy; Antonio Musarò; Indira Mysorekar; Eiichiro Nagata; Kazuhiro Nagata; Aimable Nahimana; Usha Nair; Toshiyuki Nakagawa; Kiichi Nakahira; Hiroyasu Nakano; Hitoshi Nakatogawa; Meera Nanjundan; Naweed I. Naqvi; Derek P. Narendra; Masashi Narita; Miguel Navarro; Steffan T. Nawrocki; Taras Y. Nazarko; Andriy Nemchenko; Mihai G. Netea; Thomas P. Neufeld; Paul A. 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Schätzl; Wiep Scheper; Stefano Schiaffino; Claudio Schneider; Marion E. Schneider; Regine Schneider-Stock; Patricia V. Schoenlein; Daniel F. Schorderet; Christoph Schüller; Gary K. Schwartz; Luca Scorrano; Linda Sealy; Per O. Seglen; Juan Segura-Aguilar; Iban Seiliez; Oleksandr Seleverstov; Christian Sell; Jong Bok Seo; Duska Separovic; Vijayasaradhi Setaluri; Takao Setoguchi; Carmine Settembre; John J. Shacka; Mala Shanmugam; Irving M. Shapiro; Eitan Shaulian; Reuben J. Shaw; James H. Shelhamer; Han-Ming Shen; Wei-Chiang Shen; Zu-Hang Sheng; Yang Shi; Kenichi Shibuya; Yoshihiro Shidoji; Jeng-Jer Shieh; Chwen-Ming Shih; Yohta Shimada; Shigeomi Shimizu; Takahiro Shintani; Orian S. Shirihai; Gordon C. Shore; Andriy A. Sibirny; Stan B. Sidhu; Beata Sikorska; Elaine C.M. Silva-Zacarin; Alison Simmons; Anna Katharina Simon; Hans-Uwe Simon; Cristiano Simone; Anne Simonsen; David A. Sinclair; Rajat Singh; Debasish Sinha; Frank A. Sinicrope; Agnieszka Sirko; Parco M. 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Voitsekhovskaja; Clarissa von Haefen; Marcela Votruba; Keiji Wada; Richard Wade-Martins; Cheryl L. Walker; Craig M. Walsh; Jochen Walter; Xiang-Bo Wan; Aimin Wang; Chenguang Wang; Dawei Wang; Fan Wang; Fen Wang; Guanghui Wang; Haichao Wang; Hong-Gang Wang; Horng-Dar Wang; Jin Wang; Ke Wang; Mei Wang; Richard C. Wang; Xinglong Wang; Xiujie J. Wang; Ying-Jan Wang; Yipeng Wang; Zhen-Bo Wang; Zhigang Charles Wang; Zhinong Wang; Derick G. Wansink; Diane M. Ward; Hirotaka Watada; Sarah L. Waters; Paul Webster; Lixin Wei; Conrad C. Weihl; William A. Weiss; Scott M. Welford; Long-Ping Wen; Caroline A. Whitehouse; J. Lindsay Whitton; Alexander J. Whitworth; Tom Wileman; John W. Wiley; Simon Wilkinson; Dieter Willbold; Roger L. Williams; Peter R. Williamson; Bradly G. Wouters; Chenghan Wu; Dao-Cheng Wu; William K.K. Wu; Andreas Wyttenbach; Ramnik J. Xavier; Zhijun Xi; Pu Xia; Gengfu Xiao; Zhiping Xie; Zhonglin Xie; Da-zhi Xu; Jianzhen Xu; Liang Xu; Xiaolei Xu; Ai Yamamoto; Akitsugu Yamamoto; Shunhei Yamashina; Michiaki Yamashita; Xianghua Yan; Mitsuhiro Yanagida; Dun-Sheng Yang; Elizabeth Yang; Jin-Ming Yang; Shi Yu Yang; Wannian Yang; Wei Yuan Yang; Zhifen Yang; Meng-Chao Yao; Tso-Pang Yao; Behzad Yeganeh; Wei-Lien Yen; Jia-Jing Yin; Xiao-Ming Yin; Ook-Joon Yoo; Gyesoon Yoon; Seung-Yong Yoon; Tomohiro Yorimitsu; Yuko Yoshikawa; Tamotsu Yoshimori; Kohki Yoshimoto; Ho Jin You; Richard J. Youle; Anas Younes; Li Yu; Long Yu; Seong-Woon Yu; Wai Haung Yu; Zhi-Min Yuan; Zhenyu Yue; Cheol-Heui Yun; Michisuke Yuzaki; Olga Zabirnyk; Elaine Silva-Zacarin; David Zacks; Eldad Zacksenhaus; Nadia Zaffaroni; Zahra Zakeri; Herbert J. Zeh, III; Scott O. Zeitlin; Hong Zhang; Hui-Ling Zhang; Jianhua Zhang; Jing-Pu Zhang; Lin Zhang; Long Zhang; Ming-Yong Zhang; Xu Dong Zhang; Mantong Zhao; Yi-Fang Zhao; Ying Zhao; Zhizhuang J. Zhao; Xiaoxiang Zheng; Boris Zhivotovsky; Qing Zhong; Cong-Zhao Zhou; Changlian Zhu; Wei-Guo Zhu; Xiao-Feng Zhu; Xiongwei Zhu; Yuangang Zhu; Teresa Zoladek; Wei-Xing Zong; Antonio Zorzano; Jürgen Zschocke; Brian Zuckerbraun

doi:10.4161/auto.19496

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Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy

Journal article

Open access

Peer reviewed

Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy

Daniel J. Klionsky, Fabio C. Abdalla, Hagai Abeliovich, Robert T. Abraham, Abraham Acevedo-Arozena, Khosrow Adeli, Lotta Agholme, Maria Agnello, Patrizia Agostinis, Julio A. Aguirre-Ghiso, …

Autophagy, Vol.8(4), pp.445-544

01/04/2012

DOI: https://doi.org/10.4161/auto.19496

PMCID: PMC3404883

PMID: 22966490

Abstract

autolysosome

autophagosome

flux

LC3

lysosome

phagophore

Review

stress

vacuole

In 2008 we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, research on this topic has continued to accelerate, and many new scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Accordingly, it is important to update these guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Various reviews have described the range of assays that have been used for this purpose. Nevertheless, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to measure autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. A key point that needs to be emphasized is that there is a difference between measurements that monitor the numbers or volume of autophagic elements (e.g., autophagosomes or autolysosomes) at any stage of the autophagic process vs. those that measure flux through the autophagy pathway (i.e., the complete process); thus, a block in macroautophagy that results in autophagosome accumulation needs to be differentiated from stimuli that result in increased autophagic activity, defined as increased autophagy induction coupled with increased delivery to, and degradation within, lysosomes (in most higher eukaryotes and some protists such as Dictyostelium) or the vacuole (in plants and fungi). In other words, it is especially important that investigators new to the field understand that the appearance of more autophagosomes does not necessarily equate with more autophagy. In fact, in many cases, autophagosomes accumulate because of a block in trafficking to lysosomes without a concomitant change in autophagosome biogenesis, whereas an increase in autolysosomes may reflect a reduction in degradative activity. Here, we present a set of guidelines for the selection and interpretation of methods for use by investigators who aim to examine macroautophagy and related processes, as well as for reviewers who need to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of papers that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a formulaic set of rules, because the appropriate assays depend in part on the question being asked and the system being used. In addition, we emphasize that no individual assay is guaranteed to be the most appropriate one in every situation, and we strongly recommend the use of multiple assays to monitor autophagy. In these guidelines, we consider these various methods of assessing autophagy and what information can, or cannot, be obtained from them. Finally, by discussing the merits and limits of particular autophagy assays, we hope to encourage technical innovation in the field.

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Title: Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy
Creators - without role: Daniel J. Klionsky
Fabio C. Abdalla
Hagai Abeliovich
Robert T. Abraham
Abraham Acevedo-Arozena
Khosrow Adeli
Lotta Agholme
Maria Agnello
Patrizia Agostinis
Julio A. Aguirre-Ghiso
Hyung Jun Ahn
Ouardia Ait-Mohamed
Slimane Ait-Si-Ali
Takahiko Akematsu
Shizuo Akira
Hesham M. Al-Younes
Munir A. Al-Zeer
Matthew L. Albert
Roger L. Albin
Javier Alegre-Abarrategui
Maria Francesca Aleo
Mehrdad Alirezaei
Alexandru Almasan
Maylin Almonte-Becerril
Atsuo Amano
Ravi K. Amaravadi
Shoba Amarnath
Amal O. Amer
Nathalie Andrieu-Abadie
Vellareddy Anantharam
David K. Ann
Shailendra Anoopkumar-Dukie
Hiroshi Aoki
Nadezda Apostolova
Giuseppe Arancia
John P. Aris
Katsuhiko Asanuma
Nana Y.O. Asare
Hisashi Ashida
Valerie Askanas
David S. Askew
Patrick Auberger
Misuzu Baba
Steven K. Backues
Eric H. Baehrecke
Ben A. Bahr
Xue-Yuan Bai
Yannick Bailly
Robert Baiocchi
Giulia Baldini
Walter Balduini
Andrea Ballabio
Bruce A. Bamber
Edward T.W. Bampton
Gábor Juhász
Clinton R. Bartholomew
Diane C. Bassham
Robert C. Bast
Henri Batoko
Boon-Huat Bay
Isabelle Beau
Daniel M. Béchet
Thomas J. Begley
Christian Behl
Christian Behrends
Soumeya Bekri
Bryan Bellaire
Linda J. Bendall
Luca Benetti
Laura Berliocchi
Henri Bernardi
Francesca Bernassola
Sébastien Besteiro
Ingrid Bhatia-Kissova
Xiaoning Bi
Martine Biard-Piechaczyk
Janice S. Blum
Lawrence H. Boise
Paolo Bonaldo
David L. Boone
Beat C. Bornhauser
Karina R. Bortoluci
Ioannis Bossis
Frédéric Bost
Jean-Pierre Bourquin
Patricia Boya
Michaël Boyer-Guittaut
Peter V. Bozhkov
Nathan R Brady
Claudio Brancolini
Andreas Brech
Jay E. Brenman
Ana Brennand
Emery H. Bresnick
Patrick Brest
Dave Bridges
Molly L. Bristol
Paul S. Brookes
Eric J. Brown
John H. Brumell
Nicola Brunetti-Pierri
Ulf T. Brunk
Dennis E. Bulman
Scott J. Bultman
Geert Bultynck
Lena F. Burbulla
Wilfried Bursch
Jonathan P. Butchar
Wanda Buzgariu
Sergio P. Bydlowski
Ken Cadwell
Monika Cahová
Dongsheng Cai
Jiyang Cai
Qian Cai
Bruno Calabretta
Javier Calvo-Garrido
Nadine Camougrand
Michelangelo Campanella
Jenny Campos-Salinas
Eleonora Candi
Lizhi Cao
Allan B. Caplan
Simon R. Carding
Sandra M. Cardoso
Jennifer S. Carew
Cathleen R. Carlin
Virginie Carmignac
Leticia A.M. Carneiro
Serena Carra
Rosario A. Caruso
Giorgio Casari
Caty Casas
Roberta Castino
Eduardo Cebollero
Francesco Cecconi
Jean Celli
Hassan Chaachouay
Han-Jung Chae
Chee-Yin Chai
David C. Chan
Edmond Y. Chan
Raymond Chuen-Chung Chang
Chi-Ming Che
Ching-Chow Chen
Guang-Chao Chen
Guo-Qiang Chen
Min Chen
Quan Chen
Steve S.-L. Chen
WenLi Chen
Xi Chen
Xiangmei Chen
Xiequn Chen
Ye-Guang Chen
Yingyu Chen
Yongqiang Chen
Yu-Jen Chen
Zhixiang Chen
Alan Cheng
Christopher H.K. Cheng
Yan Cheng
Heesun Cheong
Jae-Ho Cheong
Sara Cherry
Russ Chess-Williams
Zelda H. Cheung
Eric Chevet
Hui-Ling Chiang
Roberto Chiarelli
Tomoki Chiba
Lih-Shen Chin
Shih-Hwa Chiou
Francis V. Chisari
Chi Hin Cho
Dong-Hyung Cho
Augustine M.K. Choi
DooSeok Choi
Kyeong Sook Choi
Mary E. Choi
Salem Chouaib
Divaker Choubey
Vinay Choubey
Charleen T. Chu
Tsung-Hsien Chuang
Sheau-Huei Chueh
Taehoon Chun
Yong-Joon Chwae
Mee-Len Chye
Roberto Ciarcia
Maria R. Ciriolo
Michael J. Clague
Robert S.B. Clark
Peter G.H. Clarke
Robert Clarke
Patrice Codogno
Hilary A. Coller
María I. Colombo
Sergio Comincini
Maria Condello
Fabrizio Condorelli
Mark R. Cookson
Graham H. Coombs
Isabelle Coppens
Ramon Corbalan
Pascale Cossart
Paola Costelli
Safia Costes
Ana Coto-Montes
Eduardo Couve
Fraser P. Coxon
James M. Cregg
José L. Crespo
Marianne J. Cronjé
Ana Maria Cuervo
Joseph J. Cullen
Mark J. Czaja
Marcello D'Amelio
Arlette Darfeuille-Michaud
Lester M. Davids
Faith E. Davies
Massimo De Felici
John F. de Groot
Cornelis A.M. de Haan
Luisa De Martino
Angelo De Milito
Vincenzo De Tata
Jayanta Debnath
Alexei Degterev
Benjamin Dehay
Lea M.D. Delbridge
Francesca Demarchi
Yi Zhen Deng
Jörn Dengjel
Paul Dent
Donna Denton
Vojo Deretic
Shyamal D. Desai
Rodney J. Devenish
Mario Di Gioacchino
Gilbert Di Paolo
Chiara Di Pietro
Guillermo Díaz-Araya
Inés Díaz-Laviada
Maria T. Diaz-Meco
Javier Diaz-Nido
Ivan Dikic
Savithramma P. Dinesh-Kumar
Wen-Xing Ding
Clark W. Distelhorst
Abhinav Diwan
Mojgan Djavaheri-Mergny
Svetlana Dokudovskaya
Zheng Dong
Frank C. Dorsey
Victor Dosenko
James J. Dowling
Stephen Doxsey
Marlène Dreux
Mark E. Drew
Qiuhong Duan
Michel A. Duchosal
Karen E. Duff
Isabelle Dugail
Madeleine Durbeej
Michael Duszenko
Charles L. Edelstein
Aimee L. Edinger
Gustavo Egea
Ludwig Eichinger
N. Tony Eissa
Suhendan Ekmekcioglu
Wafik S. El-Deiry
Zvulun Elazar
Mohamed Elgendy
Lisa M. Ellerby
Kai Er Eng
Anna-Mart Engelbrecht
Simone Engelender
Jekaterina Erenpreisa
Ricardo Escalante
Audrey Esclatine
Eeva-Liisa Eskelinen
Lucile Espert
Virginia Espina
Huizhou Fan
Jia Fan
Qi-Wen Fan
Zhen Fan
Shengyun Fang
Yongqi Fang
Manolis Fanto
Alessandro Fanzani
Thomas Farkas
Jean-Claude Farre
Mathias Faure
Marcus Fechheimer
Carl G. Feng
Jian Feng
Qili Feng
Youji Feng
László Fésüs
Ralph Feuer
Maria E. Figueiredo-Pereira
Gian Maria Fimia
Diane C. Fingar
Steven Finkbeiner
Toren Finkel
Kim D. Finley
Filomena Fiorito
Edward A. Fisher
Paul B. Fisher
Marc Flajolet
Maria L. Florez-McClure
Salvatore Florio
Edward A. Fon
Francesco Fornai
Franco Fortunato
Rati Fotedar
Daniel H. Fowler
Howard S. Fox
Rodrigo Franco
Lisa B. Frankel
Marc Fransen
José M. Fuentes
Juan Fueyo
Jun Fujii
Kozo Fujisaki
Eriko Fujita
Mitsunori Fukuda
Ruth H. Furukawa
Matthias Gaestel
Philippe Gailly
Malgorzata Gajewska
Brigitte Galliot
Vincent Galy
Subramaniam Ganesh
Barry Ganetzky
Ian G. Ganley
Fen-Biao Gao
George F. Gao
Jinming Gao
Lorena Garcia
Guillermo Garcia-Manero
Mikel Garcia-Marcos
Marjan Garmyn
Andrei L. Gartel
Evelina Gatti
Mathias Gautel
Thomas R. Gawriluk
Matthew E. Gegg
Jiefei Geng
Marc Germain
Jason E. Gestwicki
David A. Gewirtz
Saeid Ghavami
Pradipta Ghosh
Anna M. Giammarioli
Alexandra N. Giatromanolaki
Spencer B. Gibson
Robert W. Gilkerson
Michael L. Ginger
Henry N. Ginsberg
Jakub Golab
Michael S. Goligorsky
Pierre Golstein
Candelaria Gomez-Manzano
Ebru Goncu
Céline Gongora
Claudio D. Gonzalez
Ramon Gonzalez
Cristina González-Estévez
Rosa Ana González-Polo
Elena Gonzalez-Rey
Nikolai V. Gorbunov
Sharon Gorski
Sandro Goruppi
Roberta A. Gottlieb
Devrim Gozuacik
Giovanna Elvira Granato
Gary D. Grant
Kim N. Green
Ales Gregorc
Frédéric Gros
Charles Grose
Thomas W. Grunt
Philippe Gual
Jun-Lin Guan
Kun-Liang Guan
Sylvie M. Guichard
Anna S. Gukovskaya
Ilya Gukovsky
Jan Gunst
Åsa B. Gustafsson
Andrew J. Halayko
Amber N. Hale
Sandra K. Halonen
Maho Hamasaki
Feng Han
Ting Han
Michael K. Hancock
Malene Hansen
Hisashi Harada
Masaru Harada
Stefan E. Hardt
J. Wade Harper
Adrian L. Harris
James Harris
Steven D. Harris
Makoto Hashimoto
Jeffrey A. Haspel
Shin-ichiro Hayashi
Lori A. Hazelhurst
Congcong He
You-Wen He
Marie-Josée Hébert
Kim A. Heidenreich
Miep H. Helfrich
Gudmundur V. Helgason
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Brian Herman
Paul K. Herman
Claudio Hetz
Sabine Hilfiker
Joseph A. Hill
Lynne J. Hocking
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Thomas G. Hofmann
Jörg Höhfeld
Tessa L. Holyoake
Ming-Huang Hong
David A. Hood
Gökhan S. Hotamisligil
Ewout J. Houwerzijl
Maria Høyer-Hansen
Bingren Hu
Chien-an A. Hu
Hong-Ming Hu
Ya Hua
Canhua Huang
Ju Huang
Shengbing Huang
Wei-Pang Huang
Tobias B. Huber
Won-Ki Huh
Tai-Ho Hung
Ted R. Hupp
Gang Min Hur
James B. Hurley
Sabah N.A. Hussain
Patrick J. Hussey
Jung Jin Hwang
Seungmin Hwang
Atsuhiro Ichihara
Shirin Ilkhanizadeh
Ken Inoki
Takeshi Into
Valentina Iovane
Juan L. Iovanna
Nancy Y. Ip
Yoshitaka Isaka
Hiroyuki Ishida
Ciro Isidoro
Ken-ichi Isobe
Akiko Iwasaki
Marta Izquierdo
Yotaro Izumi
Panu M. Jaakkola
Marja Jäättelä
George R. Jackson
William T. Jackson
Bassam Janji
Marina Jendrach
Ju-Hong Jeon
Eui-Bae Jeung
Hong Jiang
Hongchi Jiang
Jean X. Jiang
Ming Jiang
Qing Jiang
Xuejun Jiang
Xuejun Jiang
Alberto Jiménez
Meiyan Jin
Shengkan V. Jin
Cheol O. Joe
Terje Johansen
Daniel E. Johnson
Gail V.W. Johnson
Nicola L. Jones
Bertrand Joseph
Suresh K. Joseph
Annie M. Joubert
Gábor Juhász
Lucienne Juillerat-Jeanneret
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Yong-Keun Jung
Kai Kaarniranta
Allen Kaasik
Tomohiro Kabuta
Motoni Kadowaki
Katarina Kågedal
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Vitaliy O. Kaminskyy
Harm H. Kampinga
Hiromitsu Kanamori
Chanhee Kang
Khong Bee Kang
Kwang Il Kang
Rui Kang
Yoon-A Kang
Tomotake Kanki
Thirumala-Devi Kanneganti
Haruo Kanno
Anumantha G. Kanthasamy
Arthi Kanthasamy
Vassiliki Karantza
Gur P. Kaushal
Susmita Kaushik
Yoshinori Kawazoe
Po-Yuan Ke
John H. Kehrl
Ameeta Kelekar
Claus Kerkhoff
David H. Kessel
Hany Khalil
Jan A.K.W. Kiel
Amy A. Kiger
Akio Kihara
Deok Ryong Kim
Do-Hyung Kim
Dong-Hou Kim
Eun-Kyoung Kim
Hyung-Ryong Kim
Jae-Sung Kim
Jeong Hun Kim
Jin Cheon Kim
John K. Kim
Peter K. Kim
Seong Who Kim
Yong-Sun Kim
Yonghyun Kim
Adi Kimchi
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Vladimir Kirkin
Lorrie A. Kirshenbaum
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Erwin Knecht
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Young Ho Koh
Masato Koike
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Wei-Jia Kong
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Raj Kumar
Sharad Kumar
Mondira Kundu
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Tino Kurz
Ho Jeong Kwon
Albert R. La Spada
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Sergio Lavandero
Josée N. Lavoie
Robert Layfield
Pedro A. Lazo
Weidong Le
Laurent Le Cam
Daniel J. Ledbetter
Alvin J.X. Lee
Byung-Wan Lee
Gyun Min Lee
Jongdae Lee
Ju-hyun lee
Michael Lee
Myung-Shik Lee
Sug Hyung Lee
Christiaan Leeuwenburgh
Patrick Legembre
Renaud Legouis
Michael Lehmann
Huan-Yao Lei
Qun-Ying Lei
David A. Leib
José Leiro
John J. Lemasters
Antoinette Lemoine
Maciej S. Lesniak
Dina Lev
Victor V. Levenson
Beth Levine
Efrat Levy
Faqiang Li
Jun-Lin Li
Lian Li
Sheng Li
Weijie Li
Xue-Jun Li
Yan-Bo Li
Yi-Ping Li
Chengyu Liang
Qiangrong Liang
Yung-Feng Liao
Pawel P. Liberski
Andrew Lieberman
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Kah-Leong Lim
Kyu Lim
Chiou-Feng Lin
Fu-Cheng Lin
Jian Lin
Jiandie D. Lin
Kui Lin
Wan-Wan Lin
Weei-Chin Lin
Yi-Ling Lin
Rafael Linden
Paul Lingor
Jennifer Lippincott-Schwartz
Michael P. Lisanti
Paloma B. Liton
Bo Liu
Chun-Feng Liu
Kaiyu Liu
Leyuan Liu
Qiong A. Liu
Wei Liu
Young-Chau Liu
Yule Liu
Richard A. Lockshin
Chun-Nam Lok
Sagar Lonial
Benjamin Loos
Gabriel Lopez-Berestein
Carlos López-Otín
Laura Lossi
Michael T. Lotze
Peter Low
Binfeng Lu
Bingwei Lu
Bo Lu
Zhen Lu
Fréderic Luciano
Nicholas W. Lukacs
Anders H. Lund
Melinda A. Lynch-Day
Yong Ma
Fernando Macian
Jeff P. MacKeigan
Kay F. Macleod
Frank Madeo
Luigi Maiuri
Maria Chiara Maiuri
Davide Malagoli
May Christine V. Malicdan
Walter Malorni
Na Man
Eva-Maria Mandelkow
Stephen Manon
Irena Manov
Kai Mao
Xiang Mao
Zixu Mao
Philippe Marambaud
Daniela Marazziti
Yves L. Marcel
Katie Marchbank
Piero Marchetti
Stefan J. Marciniak
Mateus Marcondes
Mohsen Mardi
Gabriella Marfe
Guillermo Mariño
Maria Markaki
Mark R. Marten
Seamus J. Martin
Camille Martinand-Mari
Wim Martinet
Marta Martinez-Vicente
Matilde Masini
Paola Matarrese
Saburo Matsuo
Raffaele Matteoni
Andreas Mayer
Nathalie M. Mazure
David J. McConkey
Melanie J. McConnell
Catherine McDermott
Christine McDonald
Gerald M. McInerney
Sharon L. McKenna
BethAnn McLaughlin
Pamela J. McLean
Christopher R. McMaster
G. Angus McQuibban
Alfred J. Meijer
Miriam H. Meisler
Alicia Meléndez
Thomas J. Melia
Gerry Melino
Maria A. Mena
Javier A. Menendez
Rubem F. S. Menna-Barreto
Manoj B. Menon
Fiona M. Menzies
Carol A. Mercer
Adalberto Merighi
Diane E. Merry
Stefania Meschini
Christian G. Meyer
Thomas F. Meyer
Chao-Yu Miao
Jun-Ying Miao
Paul A.M. Michels
Carine Michiels
Dalibor Mijaljica
Ana Milojkovic
Saverio Minucci
Clelia Miracco
Cindy K. Miranti
Ioannis Mitroulis
Keisuke Miyazawa
Noboru Mizushima
Baharia Mograbi
Simin Mohseni
Xavier Molero
Bertrand Mollereau
Faustino Mollinedo
Takashi Momoi
Iryna Monastyrska
Martha M. Monick
Mervyn J. Monteiro
Michael N. Moore
Rodrigo Mora
Kevin Moreau
Paula I. Moreira
Yuji Moriyasu
Jorge Moscat
Serge Mostowy
Jeremy C. Mottram
Tomasz Motyl
Charbel E.-H. Moussa
Sylke Müller
Sylviane Muller
Karl Münger
Christian Münz
Leon O. Murphy
Maureen E. Murphy
Antonio Musarò
Indira Mysorekar
Eiichiro Nagata
Kazuhiro Nagata
Aimable Nahimana
Usha Nair
Toshiyuki Nakagawa
Kiichi Nakahira
Hiroyasu Nakano
Hitoshi Nakatogawa
Meera Nanjundan
Naweed I. Naqvi
Derek P. Narendra
Masashi Narita
Miguel Navarro
Steffan T. Nawrocki
Taras Y. Nazarko
Andriy Nemchenko
Mihai G. Netea
Thomas P. Neufeld
Paul A. Ney
Ioannis P. Nezis
Huu Phuc Nguyen
Daotai Nie
Ichizo Nishino
Corey Nislow
Ralph A. Nixon
Takeshi Noda
Angelika A. Noegel
Anna Nogalska
Satoru Noguchi
Lucia Notterpek
Ivana Novak
Tomoyoshi Nozaki
Nobuyuki Nukina
Thorsten Nürnberger
Beat Nyfeler
Keisuke Obara
Terry D. Oberley
Salvatore Oddo
Michinaga Ogawa
Toya Ohashi
Koji Okamoto
Nancy L. Oleinick
F. Javier Oliver
Laura J. Olsen
Stefan Olsson
Onya Opota
Timothy F. Osborne
Gary K. Ostrander
Kinya Otsu
Jing-hsiung James Ou
Mireille Ouimet
Michael Overholtzer
Bulent Ozpolat
Paolo Paganetti
Ugo Pagnini
Nicolas Pallet
Glen E. Palmer
Camilla Palumbo
Tianhong Pan
Theocharis Panaretakis
Udai Bhan Pandey
Zuzana Papackova
Issidora Papassideri
Irmgard Paris
Junsoo Park
Ohkmae K. Park
Jan B. Parys
Katherine R. Parzych
Susann Patschan
Cam Patterson
Sophie Pattingre
John M. Pawelek
Jianxin Peng
David H. Perlmutter
Ida Perrotta
George Perry
Shazib Pervaiz
Matthias Peter
Godefridus J. Peters
Morten Petersen
Goran Petrovski
James M. Phang
Mauro Piacentini
Philippe Pierre
Valérie Pierrefite-Carle
Gérard Pierron
Ronit Pinkas-Kramarski
Antonio Piras
Natik Piri
Leonidas C. Platanias
Stefanie Pöggeler
Marc Poirot
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Mercedes Pozuelo-Rubio
Mette Prætorius-Ibba
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Muriel Priault
Nathalie Produit-Zengaffinen
Ann Progulske-Fox
Tassula Proikas-Cezanne
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Karin Przyklenk
Rosa Puertollano
Julien Puyal
Shu-Bing Qian
Liang Qin
Zheng-Hong Qin
Susan E. Quaggin
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Hannah Rabinowich
Simon W. Rabkin
Irfan Rahman
Abdelhaq Rami
Georg Ramm
Glenn Randall
Felix Randow
V. Ashutosh Rao
Jeffrey C. Rathmell
Brinda Ravikumar
Swapan K. Ray
Bruce H. Reed
John C. Reed
Fulvio Reggiori
Anne Régnier-Vigouroux
Andreas S. Reichert
John J. Reiners
Russel J. Reiter
Jun Ren
José L. Revuelta
Christopher J. Rhodes
Konstantinos Ritis
Elizete Rizzo
Jeffrey Robbins
Michel Roberge
Hernan Roca
Maria C. Roccheri
Stephane Rocchi
H. Peter Rodemann
Santiago Rodríguez de Córdoba
Bärbel Rohrer
Igor B. Roninson
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Magdalena M. Rost-Roszkowska
Mustapha Rouis
Kasper M.A. Rouschop
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Edmund B. Rucker
Assaf Rudich
Emil Rudolf
Nelson Ruiz-Opazo
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Tor Erik Rusten
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Stefan W. Ryter
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Junichi Sadoshima
Tapas Saha
Tatsuya Saitoh
Hiroshi Sakagami
Yasuyoshi Sakai
Ghasem Hoseini Salekdeh
Paolo Salomoni
Paul M. Salvaterra
Guy Salvesen
Rosa Salvioli
Anthony M.J. Sanchez
José A. Sánchez-Alcázar
Ricardo Sánchez-Prieto
Marco Sandri
Uma Sankar
Poonam Sansanwal
Laura Santambrogio
Shweta Saran
Sovan Sarkar
Minnie Sarwal
Chihiro Sasakawa
Ausra Sasnauskiene
Miklós Sass
Ken Sato
Miyuki Sato
Anthony H.V. Schapira
Michael Scharl
Hermann M. Schätzl
Wiep Scheper
Stefano Schiaffino
Claudio Schneider
Marion E. Schneider
Regine Schneider-Stock
Patricia V. Schoenlein
Daniel F. Schorderet
Christoph Schüller
Gary K. Schwartz
Luca Scorrano
Linda Sealy
Per O. Seglen
Juan Segura-Aguilar
Iban Seiliez
Oleksandr Seleverstov
Christian Sell
Jong Bok Seo
Duska Separovic
Vijayasaradhi Setaluri
Takao Setoguchi
Carmine Settembre
John J. Shacka
Mala Shanmugam
Irving M. Shapiro
Eitan Shaulian
Reuben J. Shaw
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Publication Details: Autophagy, Vol.8(4), pp.445-544
Publisher: Landes Bioscience
Identifiers: 9921718608331
Academic Unit: King Abdulaziz University
Language: English
Resource Type: Journal article