Abstract
Sustainability of rice production under flooding conditions has been challenged by water shortage and food demand. Applying higher nitrogen fertilization could be a practical solution to alleviate the deleterious effects of water stress on lowland rice (Oryza sativa L.) in semi-arid conditions. For this purpose, field experiments were conducted during the summer of 2017 and 2018 seasons. These trials were conducted as split-split based on randomized complete blocks design with soil moisture regimes at three levels (120, 100 and 80% of crop evapotranspiration (ETc), nitrogen fertilizers at two levels (N-1-165 and N-2-200 kg N ha(-1)) and three lowland Egyptian rice varieties [V-1 (Giza(178)), V-2 (Giza(177)) and V-3 (Sakha(104))] using three replications. For all varieties, growth (plant height, tillers No, effective tillers no), water status ((relative water content RWC, and membrane stability index, MSI), physiological responses (chlorophyll fluorescence, Relative chlorophyll content (SPAD), and yield were significantly increased with higher addition of nitrogen fertilizer under all water regimes. Variety V-1 produced the highest grain yield compared to other varieties and the increases were 38% and 15% compared with V-2 and V-3, respectively. Increasing nitrogen up to 200 kg N ha(-1) (N-2) resulted in an increase in grain and straw yields by 12.7 and 18.2%, respectively, compared with N-1. The highest irrigation water productivity (IWP) was recorded under I-2 (0.89 kg m(-3)) compared to (0.83 kg m(-3)) and (0.82 kg m(-3)) for I-1 and I-3, respectively. Therefore, the new applied agro-management practice (deficit irrigation and higher nitrogen fertilizer) effectively saved irrigation water input by 50-60% when compared with the traditional cultivation method (flooding system). Hence, the new proposed innovative method for rice cultivation could be a promising strategy for enhancing the sustainability of rice production under water shortage conditions.