Abstract
Graphene spheres confining fullerene C-60 are quantitatively formed under high-shear and continuous-flow processing using a vortex fluidic device (VFD). This involves intense micromixing a colloidal suspension of graphite in DMF and an o-xylene solution of C-60 at room temperature in the absence of surfactants and other auxiliary substances. The diameters of the composite spheres, C-60@graphene, can be controlled with size distributions ranging from 1.5 to 3.5 mu m, depending on the VFD operating parameters, including rotational speed, flow rate, relative ratio of C-60 to graphite, and the concentration of fullerene. An electrode of the composite material has high cycle stability, with a high areal capacitance of 103.4 mF cm(-2), maintaining its capacitances to 24.7 F g(-1) and 86.4 mF cm(-2) (83.5%) at a high scan rate of 100 mV s(-1).