Abstract
Silica scaling is one of the major scaling challenges in Reverse Osmosis (RO). The safe operation practice is to keep the silica concentration below 150 mg/L in RO concentrate. This study addresses the effects of divalent cations such as calcium and magnesium on silica scaling in a seawater RO installation used as a pretreatment to Eutectic Freeze Crystallisation (EFC). Results showed that in the absence of antiscalant and divalent cations a sustained silica concentration of approximately 280 mg/L in concentrate is possible without declining membrane permeability. At a higher concentration of divalent cations, the membrane permeability decreased. Membrane autopsy and analysing destructed membrane showed a relatively low magnesium and a high calcium concentration on the membrane after adding divalent ions into the solutions. It is concluded that in absence of divalent cations and without antiscalant the limits of 150 mg/L silica can be extended to 280 mg/L for 6–8 h.