Abstract
Brain tumours are considered one of the deadliest tumours in humans and have a low survival rate due to their heterogeneous nature. Several types of benign and malignant brain tumours need to be diagnosed early to administer appropriate treatment. Magnetic resonance (MR) images provide details of the brain's internal structure, which allow radiologists and doctors to diagnose brain tumours. However, MR images contain complex details that require highly qualified experts and a long time to analyse. Artificial intelligence techniques solve these challenges. This paper presents four proposed systems, each with more than one technology. These techniques vary between machine, deep and hybrid learning. The first system comprises artificial neural network (ANN) and feedforward neural network (FFNN) algorithms based on the hybrid features between local binary pattern (LBP), grey-level co-occurrence matrix (GLCM) and discrete wavelet transform (DWT) algorithms. The second system comprises pre-trained GoogLeNet and ResNet-50 models for dataset classification. The two models achieved superior results in distinguishing between the types of brain tumours. The third system is a hybrid technique between convolutional neural network and support vector machine. This system also achieved superior results in distinguishing brain tumours. The fourth proposed system is a hybrid of the features of GoogLeNet and ResNet-50 with the LBP, GLCM and DWT algorithms (handcrafted features) to obtain representative features and classify them using the ANN and FFNN. This method achieved superior results in distinguishing between brain tumours and performed better than the other methods. With the hybrid features of GoogLeNet and hand-crafted features, FFNN achieved an accuracy of 99.9%, a precision of 99.84%, a sensitivity of 99.95%, a specificity of 99.85% and an AUC of 99.9%.