Abstract
This paper reports comprehensive studies on the mixed assembly of bis-(trialkoxybenzamide)-functionalized dialkoxynaphthalene (DAN) donors and naphthalene-diimide (NDI) acceptors due the cooperative effects of hydrogen bonding, charge-transfer (CT) interactions, and solvophobic effects. A series of DAN as well as NDI building blocks have been examined (wherein the relative distance between the two amide groups in a particular chromophore is the variable structural parameter) to understand the structure-dependent variation in mode of supramolecular assembly and morphology (organogel, reverse vesicle, etc.) of the self-assembled material. Interestingly, it was observed that when the amide functionalities are introduced to enhance the self-assembly propensity, the mode of co-assembly among the DAN and NDI chromophores no longer remained trivial and was dictated by a relatively stronger hydrogen-bonding interaction instead of a weak CT interaction. Consequently, in a highly non-polar solvent like methylcyclohexane (MCH), although kinetically controlled CT-gelation was initially noticed, within a few hours the system sacrificed the CT-interaction and switched over to the more stable self-sorted gel to maximize the gain in enthalpy from the hydrogen-bonding interaction. In contrast, in a relatively less non-polar solvent such as tetrachloroethylene (TCE), in which the strength of hydrogen bonding is inherently weak, the contribution of the CT interaction also had to be accounted for along with hydrogen bonding leading to a stable CT-state in the gel or solution phase. The stability and morphology of the CT complex and rate of supramolecular switching (from CT to segregated state) were found to be greatly influenced by subtle structural variation of the building blocks, solvent polarity, and the DAN/NDI ratio. For example, in a given DA pair, by introducing just one methylene unit in the spacer segment of either of the building blocks a complete change in the mode of co-assembly (CT state or segregated state) and the morphology (1D fiber to 2D reverse vesicle) was observed. The role of solvent polarity, structural variation, and D/A ratio on the nature of co-assembly, morphology, and the unprecedented supramolecular-switching phenomenon have been studied by detail spectroscopic and microscopic experiments in a gel as well as in the solution state and are well supported by DFT calculations.