Abstract
The current study delineated the distribution, (hydro)geochemical behavior and health risk of arsenic (As) in shallow (depth < 35 m; handpumps and electric pumps) and deep (depth > 35 m; tube wells) aquifers in five areas along the Indus River (Bhakar, Kallur Kot), Jhelum River (Jhelum) and Chenab River (Hafizabad, Gujranwala) floodplains of Punjab, Pakistan. Relatively, greater As concentration was observed in deep wells (mean: 24.3 µg L−1) compared to shallow wells (19.4 µg L−1), with groundwater As spanning 0.1–121.7 µg L−1 (n = 133) in three floodplains. Groundwater from Hafizabad (Chenab River floodplain) possessed the highest As (121.7 µg L−1), Na+ (180 mg L−1), Ca2+ (95 mg L−1), Cl− (101 mg L−1) and SO42− (1353 mg L−1) concentrations. Arsenic health risk modeling indicated the potential carcinogenic (value > 10−4) and non-carcinogenic (hazard quotient > 1.0) risks for groundwater of all areas, with the utmost risk estimated for Chenab floodplain and deep aquifers. Positive saturation index values for Fe oxide mineral phases may suggest their potential role in As mobilization/release in these aquifer environments. This study provides critically-important and baseline knowledge for a widespread groundwater As examination along these three floodplains, which is vital for launching suitable As mitigation and remediation programs to reduce the potential health risk.
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•61% of the groundwater wells exceeded arsenic (As) above WHO limit.•Elevated As (121 μg L−1) was found in Chenab River floodplain.•High As health risk was observed in deep wells (> 35 m) than in shallow wells (< 35 m).•Alkaline pH, salinity, with high Na, Ca, SO4 contents control hydrogeochemistry.•Positive saturation indices for Fe oxides indicate potential role in As geochemistry.