Abstract
Inflammation impairs macrophage cholesterol clearance from vascular tissues and promotes atherosclerosis. Inflammatory macrophages suppress expression of the transcription cofactor interferon regulatory factor 2-binding protein 2 (IRF2BP2), and genetic variants near IRF2BP2 associate with ischemic heart disease progression in humans.
To test whether IRF2BP2 in macrophages affects atherosclerosis in mice and humans.
We generated mice that delete IRF2BP2 in macrophages. IRF2BP2-deficient macrophages worsened atherosclerosis in irradiated low-density lipoprotein receptor null-recipient mice and in apolipoprotein E null mice. IRF2BP2-deficient macrophages were inflammatory and had impaired cholesterol efflux because of their inability to activate the cholesterol transporter ABCA1 in response to cholesterol loading. Their expression of the anti-inflammatory transcription factor Krüppel-like factor 2 was markedly reduced. Promoter studies revealed that IRF2BP2 is required for MEF2-dependent activation of Krüppel-like factor 2. Importantly, restoring Krüppel-like factor 2 in IRF2BP2-deficient macrophages attenuated M1 inflammatory and rescued M2 anti-inflammatory gene activation and improved the cholesterol efflux deficit by restoring ABCA1 activation in response to cholesterol loading. In a cohort of 1066 angiographic cases and 1011 controls, homozygous carriers of a deletion polymorphism (rs3045215) in the 3' untranslated region sequence of human IRF2BP2 mRNA had a higher risk of coronary artery disease (recessive model, odds ratio [95% confidence interval]=1.560 [1.179-2.065], P=1.73E-03) and had lower IRF2BP2 (and Krüppel-like factor 2) protein levels in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. The effect of this deletion polymorphism to suppress protein expression was confirmed in luciferase reporter studies.
Ablation of IRF2BP2 in macrophages worsens atherosclerosis in mice, and a deletion variant that lowers IRF2BP2 expression predisposes to coronary artery disease in humans.