Abstract
Immunotherapy has gathered momentum in the advanced generation of cancer therapeutics. Many unresectable resistant tumor subtypes are ideal candidates for immunotherapy; however, the efficacy is limited because of heterogeneity of both malignant cells and non-malignant cells of the tumor micro environment, including stromal and immune cells. The success of immunotherapy is largely dependent on the population of individual immune cell types between patients of the same tumor subtype, and the expression of biomarkers that are expressed by the components of the immune system. Hence, it is imperative to first identify the components of the immune system, visualize these populations in the tumor microenvironment, and then devise specifically targeted immunotherapies. In this review, we have outlined strategies to characterize the cellular components of the immune system with clinically relevant imaging modalities. The importance of high dimensional analyses including mass cytometry and unbiased single-cell RNA sequence analysis in visualizing the ideal candidates for immunotherapy has been discussed. This review stresses the importance of immuno-imaging as a means to further develop targeted immunotherapies for cancer.
(c) 2021 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).