Abstract
A field study was conducted to investigate the impact of different patterns of raking and baling operations on the dry matter (DM) and quality losses of the produced alfalfa (Medicago sativa) hay. The experimental work was carried out on a 50 ha center pivot irrigated alfalfa field in a commercial farm located in the Eastern Region of Saudi Arabia. Raking operation was performed following two patterns corresponding to the direction of mowing operation, namely, Raking-I in the same direction of mowing (Mowing→ and Raking→) and Raking-II opposite to the direction of mowing (Mowing→ and Raking←). The baling operation; however, was performed following four patterns corresponding to the directions of both mowing and raking operations, namely, Baling-I (Mowing→, Raking→ and Baling→), Baling-II (Mowing→, Raking→ and Baling←), Baling-III (Mowing→, Raking← and Baling→) and Baling-IV (Mowing→, Raking← and Baling←). Results showed that cumulative DM losses in alfalfa hay yield of 30.93% occurred during the harvesting operations. Out of which, raking induced the most DM losses of 985.22 kg ha−1 (59.66% of the total DM losses and 17.35% of the total hay yield). However, the least DM losses were observed during the baling operation and were estimated at 175.81 kg ha−1 (10.22% of the total DM losses and 3.10% of the total hay yield). Raking opposite to the direction of mowing reduced the DM losses by 130.17 kg ha−1 (7.88% of the total DM losses and 2.29% of the total hay yield) compared to that with the direction of mowing. Results also indicated that out of the 21.04% losses in the total crude protein (CP) content of the produced alfalfa hay, 10.91% occurred during the raking operation. However, the baling operation induced the least amount of CP losses (only 2.32% of the total CP). Overall, the best results in terms of alfalfa hay quality and quantity losses were achieved with Baling-III, where the lowest DM losses (2.01% of the total hay yield) and the lowest CP losses (1.44% of the total CP) were recorded.