Abstract
The current aim in dentistry is to return the patient to normal function in terms of esthetics and speech as well as health, regardless of injury, disease, or atrophy of the stomatognathic system. Dental implant, involving the emplacement of a fixed permanent artificial root to support prosthetic dental crowns, offers the obvious treatment choice for partial and complete edentulism. Even though the rates of survival are high, dental implant failures in long-term situations still occur. This will cause the removal of implants and additional health and financial burdens. These failures are attributable to mechanical instability, poor implant integration, necrosis, inflammation, and infections and are associated with lengthy patient care, loss of function, and pain. Therefore, the objective of the current publication is to detail the main types of implants along with the current and developing approaches and technologies for surface and bulk alteration that are used to increase biological and mechanical performance under function. Notable research is highlighted regarding the present development of dental implants with biologically active surfaces and their influence on osseointegration. In addition, dental implants based on the functionally graded concept inspired by human bone are reviewed.