Abstract
•Commonly used Y-STRs have strong limitations in separating related men.•RM Y-STRs allow separating male relatives, mostly shown thus far for father-sons.•We provide a 7-fold RM Y-STR data increase for close relatives beyond father-sons.•We analysed 13 RM Y-STRs in 572 men of 99 2–4 generation pedigrees from Pakistan.•We separated 45% of 1568 relative pairs with RM Y-STRs, 15% of 1484 with Y-filer.
Y-chromosomal short tandem repeat (Y-STR) markers are commonly used in forensic genetics. Male-specific haplotypes provided by commercial Y-STR kits allow discriminating between many – but not all – unrelated men, while they mostly fail to separate related ones. Aiming to improve male relative and paternal lineage differentiation, a set of 13 rapidly-mutating (RM) Y-STRs was previously identified and introduced to forensic Y-chromosome analysis. Recently, their value was highlighted by separating 99% of over 12,200 unrelated men from 111 global populations, as well as 29% of over 2500 male relative pairs, the vast majority were father-sons. Here, we provide improved empirical evidence on differentiating closely related men with RM Y-STRs, most notably beyond father-sons, where previous data were limited. After careful quality control including genetic relationship testing, we used 572 Pakistani men belonging to 99 2–4 generation pedigrees covering 1568 pairs of men related by 1–6 meioses. Of those, 45% were differentiated by one or more of the 13 RM Y-STR markers. In contrast, only 14.7% of a subset of 1484 pairs from 94 pedigrees were separated by the commercial AmpFlSTR Y-filer kit. Combining previously published and new data, an overall differentiation rate of 35.3% was revealed for the RM Y-STR set based on 4096 pairs of men related by 1–20 meioses, compared to 9.6% with Y-filer based on 3645 pairs. Using father-son pair data from the present and previous studies, we provide updated RM Y-STR mutation rates. Locus-specific mutation rates ranged from 2.0×10−3 (7.0×10−4–4.3×10−3) to 6.9×10−2 (6.1×10−2–7.9×10−2) based on 2741–3143 meioses, with an average rate across all 13 RM Y-STR markers of 1.8×10−2 (1.7×10−2–1.9×10−2) based on 800 mutations from 44,922 meioses. The high haplotype diversity (h=0.9996) we observed among the unrelated men (N=105) underlines the value of this RM Y-STR set to differentiate paternal lineages even from endogamous populations such as from Pakistan.