Abstract
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•The problem of needing huge amounts of training data in free-text keystroke dynamics has been addressed in this paper.•Two fusion schemes, namely: decision-level fusion and feature-level fusion, were applied.•Feature-level fusion was done by concatenating two sets of features before the learning stage.•Decision-level fusion was used to merge the output of two methods using majority voting.•Feature-level fusion produced low error rates, but its results were outperformed by the decision-level fusion results.
Free-text keystroke dynamics is invariably hampered by the huge amount of data needed to train the system. This problem has been addressed in this paper by suggesting a system that combines two methods, both of which provide a reduced training requirement for user authentication using free-text keystrokes. The two methods were fused to achieve error rates lower than those produced by each method separately. Two fusion schemes, namely: decision-level fusion and feature-level fusion, were applied. Feature-level fusion was done by concatenating two sets of features before the learning stage. The two sets of features were: a timing feature set and a non-conventional feature set. Moreover, decision-level fusion was used to merge the output of two methods using majority voting. One is Support Vector Machines (SVMs) together with Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) feature selection and the other is decision trees (DTs). Even though the classifiers using the parameters merged at feature level produced low error rates, its results were outperformed by the results achieved by the decision-level fusion scheme. Decision-level fusion was employed to achieve the best performance of 0.00% False Accept Rate (FAR) and 0.00% False Reject Rate (FRR).