Abstract
The genome of RNA viruses folds into 3D structures that include long-range RNA–RNA interactions relevant to control critical steps of the viral cycle. In particular, initiation of translation driven by the IRES element of foot-and-mouth disease virus is stimulated by the 3΄UTR. Here we sought to investigate the RNA local flexibility of the IRES element and the 3΄UTR in living cells. The SHAPE reactivity observed
in vivo
showed statistically significant differences compared to the free RNA, revealing protected or exposed positions within the IRES and the 3΄UTR. Importantly, the IRES local flexibility was modified in the presence of the 3΄UTR, showing significant protections at residues upstream from the functional start codon. Conversely, presence of the IRES element in
cis
altered the 3΄UTR local flexibility leading to an overall enhanced reactivity. Unlike the reactivity changes observed in the IRES element, the SHAPE differences of the 3΄UTR were large but not statistically significant, suggesting multiple dynamic RNA interactions. These results were supported by covariation analysis, which predicted IRES-3΄UTR conserved helices in agreement with the protections observed by SHAPE probing. Mutational analysis suggested that disruption of one of these interactions could be compensated by alternative base pairings, providing direct evidences for dynamic long-range interactions between these distant elements of the viral genome.