Abstract
Employee stress and related psychological strain is not only damaging for those that experience it, but is also costly for employers and society at large. This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of individual-focused occupational health interventions in a comprehensive meta-analysis, improving the interpretability of results by analyzing the interventions' impact on specific outcome measures. A literature search of randomized control trials (RCTs) of stress management, health or wellness interventions in healthy workers was completed using PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, PsycINFO, and PsycARTICLES. The following outcome measures were meta-analyzed: (a) Perceive Stress Scale (PSS), (b) General Health Questionnaire (GHQ), (c) State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), (d) Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI), and (e) absenteeism. Forty-nine studies met the inclusion criteria and were included in a random-effects meta-analysis. There was a beneficial effect of interventions across all outcome measures (all p < .05) except for the MBI Personal Accomplishment subscale and absenteeism. The largest effect size (g = -0.65, p < .001) was observed with the PSS scale. For separate subanalyses considering intervention types, multimodal interventions had the largest impact on reducing state anxiety (g = -1.01, p = .02), followed by relaxation interventions reducing PSS levels (g = -0.75, p < .001) and cognitive interventions reducing PSS levels (g = -0.66, p < .001). This meta-analysis provides evidence that individual-focused occupational health interventions can have a significant effect on stress-related outcomes postintervention and at follow-up. It also suggests that the intervention's effectiveness varies based on the outcome measures used.