Abstract
Our study assessed the influence of integrating 5% and 10% tricalcium phosphate (beta-TCP-Ca-3(PO4)(2).) nanoparticles into a dental adhesive on the adhesive's bonding. To evaluate the filler nanoparticles, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Energy Dispersive X-Ray (EDX) spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and micro-Raman spectroscopy techniques were used. Shear Bond strength (SBS) testing, degree of conversion (DC) analysis, investigation of the adhesive-dentin interface, and biofilm experiments were conducted. The SEM micrographs revealed non-uniform agglomerates, while the EDX demonstrated the existence of oxygen 'O' (24.2%), phosphorus 'P' (17.4%) and calcium 'Ca' (60.1%) in the beta-TCP nanoparticles. The FTIR and micro-Raman spectra indicated characteristic bands for beta-TCP containing materials. The 10 wt.% beta-TCP adhesive presented the highest SBS values (NTC-10 wt.% beta-TCP: 33.55 & PLUSMN; 3.73 MPa, TC-10 wt.% beta-TCP: 30.50 & PLUSMN; 3.25 MPa), followed by the 5 wt.% beta-TCP adhesive (NTC-5 wt.% beta-TCP: 32.37 & PLUSMN; 3.10 MPa, TC-5 wt.% beta-TCP: 27.75 & PLUSMN; 3.15 MPa). Most of the detected failures after bond strength testing were adhesive in nature. The beta-TCP adhesives demonstrated suitable dentin interaction by forming a hybrid layer (with few or no gaps) and resin tags. The beta-TCP adhesives (10 wt.%) revealed lower DC values compared to control. The incorporation of 5 and 10 wt.% concentrations of beta-TCP particles resulted in an increase in SBS values. A linear decline in DC values was witnessed when the nanoparticle concentration was increased. Further research focusing on exploring the influence of higher filler concentrations on adhesive's properties is recommended.