Abstract
Micellar-enhanced ultrafiltration (MEUF) is a promising technology developed for treating the wastewater containing metal ions or organic pollutants. One of the greatest problems in MEUF is membrane fouling which is mainly caused by concentration polarization, gel layer or cake formation caused by the deposition of surfactant micelles on the membrane surface and surfactant adsorption in the membrane interior. In this study, surfactant sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), which was used in membrane separation as colloidal particles, caused the flux decline. The transmembrane pressure (TMP) and feed concentration of SDS had significant influences on the flux. This paper presented that the lower TMP had a smaller effect on membrane fouling, and when SDS concentration was around the critical micelle concentration (CMC), lower permeate flux and higher additional membrane fouling resistance were obtained. The effects of three kinds of hydraulic flushing methods on membrane permeate flux were investigated, including periodic forward flushing, periodic backwashing and forward flushing followed by backwashing. It was found that when the periodic combined flushing interval was 10 min, forward flushing and backwashing phase times were 150 s and 90 s, respectively, and that combined flushing was more conductive to permeate flux recovery in this study. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.