Abstract
Suspended microbes gradually lost advantages in practical applications of PAHs and heavy metals bioremediation. Therefore this study investigated the effect of immobilization on phenanthrene degradation by Bacillus sp. P1 in the presence of different Cd(II) concentrations. Condensed Bacillus sp. P1 was immobilized with polyvinyl alcohol and sodium alginate and PVA-SA-cell cryogel beads were prepared. The results indicated that the use of gel beads increased the number of adsorption sites thus accelerating phenanthrene degradation. In addition, changes in detoxification indices, including superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione (GSH), were determined to elucidate the immobilization mechanisms related to cells protection from Cd(II) when degrading phenanthrene. By protecting the gel membrane, oxidative damage was minimized, while SOD activity increased from 55.72 to 81.33 U/mgprot as Cd(II) increased from 0 to 200 mg/L but later dropped to 44.29 U/mgprot as Cd(II) increased to 300 mg/L for the non-immobilized system. On the other hand, the SOD activity kept increasing from 52.23 to 473.35 U/mgprot for the immobilized system exposed to Cd(II) concentration between 0 and 300 mg/L. For CAT and GSH, immobilization only slowed down the depletion process without any change on the variation trends. The changes in surface properties and physiological responses of microbes caused the differences of immobilization effect on phenanthrene biodegradation in the presence of Cd(II), which is a novel finding.
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•Immobilization effect on phenanthrene biodegradation was investigated.•Gel beads increased adsorption sites thus accelerating phenanthrene degradation.•Detoxification indices showed the protection mechanism of immobilization on cells.