Abstract
Despite notable advances in vaccine and antimicrobial therapies, treatment failure has been increasingly reported worldwide. Of note, multi-drug-resistant (MDR)
Escherichia coli
(
E. coli
) strains have a considerable share in the evolution of this crisis. So, current practice guidelines are directed towards complementary and alternative therapies. Therefore, we evaluated the antibacterial and antivirulence activities of curcumin, thymol, and eugenol essential oils (EOs) as well as EOs-EOs and EOs-antibiotics interactions on MDR and multi-virulent
E. coli
isolates. Unfortunately, MDR
E. coli
could be isolated with a prevalence rate of 95.6% (86/90). Additionally, the majority of our isolates harbored both
fimH
(95.6%) and
ompA
(91.1%) genes, and half of them (45/90) were multi-virulent. Interestingly, all the tested EOs, especially curcumin, exhibited inhibitory activities against all MDR and multi-virulent
E. coli
isolates. The addition of thymol enhanced the antibacterial activities of curcumin and eugenol. Moreover, the activities of piperacillin/tazobactam and imipenem were increased by adding any one of the tested EOs. Regarding the antivirulence activities of the tested EOs, the cell surfaces of treated
E. coli
isolates under transmission electron microscope (TEM) were uneven. The cells appeared damaged and lost their appendages. Furthermore, EOs strongly reduced the transcription of
ompA
and
fimH
genes. The antibacterial and antivirulence activities of the used EOs were confirmed by in silico and mice protection assays. Hereby, we introduced the promising uses of curcumin, thymol, and eugenol oils as complementary and alternative therapies for combating MDR and multi-virulent
E. coli
isolates.
Key points
•
Our promising results confirmed that we were right for renewed interest of EOs.
•
The EOs, especially curcumin, can be used to prevent treatment failure.
•
We supposed a new pharmaceutical formulation of antibiotic powders dissolved in EOs.