Abstract
This paper develops a unified way to describe the various generalized discrete-time nonlinear dynamical models with density dependence, Allee effects, and parasitoids. We show how the kappa function can be used to describe the probabilities involved in intra- or interspecific encounters, namely, (i) the probability of surviving to the next generation in the absence of parasitoids or Allee effects, (ii) the encounter probability associated with Allee effects, and (iii) the probability of escaping parasitism in the presence of parasitoids. Having introduced a phenomenological framework of modeling via the kappa function, we then provide a realistic mechanism through stochastic encounters, responsible for generating the kappa function to any of the three involved probabilities. The unified modeling through the kappa function yields insights into how abundances influence species interactions. It is now straightforward to use this unified modeling to analyze and investigate its consequences in species dynamics.