Abstract
This study investigated if kaempferol could attenuate the oxidative, inflammatory, and fibrotic damage of the left ventricles (LVs) in streptozotocin (STZ)-diabetic rats by modulating silent mating type information regulation 2 homolog 1 (SIRT1) signaling. Adult male rats were divided into 5 groups (n = 12/each) as control, control + kaempferol, STZ-induced diabetes mellitus (STZ-DM), STZ-DM + kaempferol, and STZ-DM + kaempferol + EX-527, a sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) inhibitor. Administration of kaempferol to diabetic rats significantly preserved the systolic and diastolic functions of the LVs that was associated with a significant reduction in ventricular collagen deposition, infiltration of inflammatory cells, and protein expression of Bcl2-associated X protein (Bax), cleaved caspase-3, and cytochrome-C. In both the control and diabetic rats, kaempferol attenuated the loss in body weights, reduced fasting glucose levels, and increased fasting insulin levels and HOMA-β. Besides, kaempferol lowered the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), malondialdehyde (MDA), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and interleukin-6 (IL-6), downregulated the transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) and reduced the nuclear levels of NF-κB p65. In concomitant, kaempferol increased the LV levels of manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) and glutathione (GSH) and stimulated the total protein levels of Bcl2, the nuclear activity of SIRT1, and nuclear levels of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2). These events were associated with increased deacetylase activity and total levels of SIRT1 and a parallel decrease in the acetylation of Nrf2, NF-κB, smad2, and FOXO1. In conclusion: kaempferol attenuate diabetic cardiomyopathy in STZ-treated rats through its hypoglycaemic and insulin-releasing effects, as well as a cardiac independent mechanism that involves activation of SIRT1.