Abstract
We study the kinetics and mechanism of intercalation and de-intercalation of small anions during the formation of crystalline alpha-Co(OH)(2) and its transformation to beta-Co(OH)(2) within a reaction-diffusion framework. We therein use fluorescence spectroscopy with Rhodamine 6G (Rh6G)as a probe as well as other spectroscopic and imaging techniques. The method is based on the reaction and diffusion of hydroxide ions into a gel matrix containing the Co(II)ions, the conjugate anions to be intercalated and Rh6G. The advantage of this simple method is that it allows us to separate throughout space the various stages during the formation of alpha-Co(OH)(2) and its transformation to beta-Co(OH)(2), thus enabling fluorescence measurements of the those stages by simply focusing on different areas of the tube. It also permits us to extract with ease the solids for characterization and image analysis. The macroscopic evolution of the system, which consists of a leading blue front designating the formation of alpha-Co(OH)(2) followed by a sharp blue/pink interface designating the transformation to the pink beta-Co(OH)(2), exhibits different dynamics depending on the anion present in the gel. At a certain stage, the blue/pink interface stops its propagation and only the blue front continues. This represents clear evidence of the dependence of the kinetics of intercalation and de-intercalation on the nature of the anion. The coexisting polymorphs were collected and characterized using XRD, FTIR, Raman and UV-Vis. The fluorescence images of the alpha-Co(OH)(2) reveal clearly the presence of Rh6G between its layers, whereas images from the beta polymorph indicate the opposite. Moreover, the fluorescence of Rh6G is monitored during the formation of alpha-Co(OH)(2) and its conversion to beta-Co(OH)(2). During the formation, the fluorescence intensity and lifetime are significantly increased whereas the opposite happens during the transformation to the beta phase. We are able to calculate the activation energies associated with the intercalation and de-intercalation of anions and show using SEM that the polymorphic transformation is accompanied by an Ostwald ripening mechanism whereby the smaller crystals of alpha-Co(OH)(2) dissolve to reappear as larger crystals of beta-Co(OH)(2). We find that the activation energies of de-intercalation are systematically smaller than those of intercalation. Our results confirm many aspects of the results of Du et al. on the conversion of a chloride-intercalated alpha-Co(OH)(2) to beta-Co(OH)(2).