Abstract
The charging of liquid electrostatic toners containing carboxylic acid additives has been examined. These toners consist of 1-2-mu-m polymer particles, which are charged by the addition of an ionic surfactant. The ionic surfactant forms inverse micelles in the hydrocarbon carrier and serves as counterion to the toner particles. The toners containing carboxylic acids substituted with electron-withdrawing groups have increased positive charge compared to toners with no acid. Charging is shown to result from solubilization of the acids into the surfactant inverse micelles.