Abstract
Applications of formulated bacteriophages with skim milk and sucrose or nonformulated bacteriophages combined with acibenzolar-S-methyl (ASM) were compared with copper bactericides applications for suppressing Asiatic citrus canker (ACC) caused by Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri (Xcc) on leaves under greenhouse and field conditions in Saudi Arabia. Bacteriophages were applied one day prior to inoculation of Mexican lime (Citrus aurantifolia) plants with Xcc, then twice a week until the end of the trials. Copper hydroxide was applied once prior to inoculation and then every seven days afterward, whereas ASM was applied one week prior to inoculation and then every 21 days afterward. Under greenhouse conditions, the incidence of ACC on leaves was reduced significantly from 75.2 to 12.8% or 18.3% for plants treated with copper hydroxide or bacteriophages in combination with ASM, respectively. Applications of formulated phages in combination with ASM as soil drench under field conditions significantly decreased disease incidence by 14.8% (Trial 1) and 16.8% (Trial 2) compared with untreated control plants. Overall, the Xcc-inoculated plants treated with bacteriophages + ASM combination showed significant ACC reduction under greenhouse and field conditions. The bacteriophages + ASM combination tested in these trials can be an effective tool in the integrated management programs of Asiatic citrus canker disease.