Abstract
Astrocytes play an important role in nervous system homeostasis. In particular, they contribute to the regulation of local energy metabolism and to oxidative stress defence. In previous experiments, we showed that long-term treatment with interleukin 1 alpha (IL-1 alpha) or tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF alpha) alone increases glucose utilization in primary culture of mouse astrocytes. In our study, we report that a combination of IL-1 beta and TNF alpha exerts a synergistic effect on glucose utilization and markedly modifies the metabolic phenotype of astrocytes. Thus, IL-1 beta+TNF alpha treated astrocytes show a marked decrease in glycogen levels, a slight but not significant decrease in lactate release as well as a massive increase in both the pentose phosphate pathway and TCA cycle activities. Glutamate-stimulated glucose utilization and lactate release, a typical feature of astrocyte energy metabolism, are altered after pretreatment with IL-1 beta+TNF alpha. As far as mechanisms for oxidative stress defence are concerned, we observed that treatment with 1 beta+TNF alpha decreases cellular glutathione content and increases glutathione release into the extracellular space while stimulating superoxide anion and nitric oxide production as well as H(2)O(2) release. Interestingly, stimulation of glucose utilization by IL-1 beta+TNF alpha is not affected by the antioxidant N-acetyl-L-cysteine, suggesting that cellular stress does not account for this effect. Finally, the effects of cytokines on glucose utilization appear to involve multiple signaling cascades including the phosphoinositide 3-kinase and mitogen-activated protein kinases. Taken together these results establish that a proinflammatory environment such as observed in several neuropathological conditions including Alzheimer's disease, markedly modifies the metabolic phenotype of astrocytes. (C) 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.