Abstract
Monkeypox viral infection is considered as global public health and a rare disease caused by Monkeypox virus (MPXV), which is caused by smallpox-like virus and it causes pustules all over the body. MPV is an emerging zoonotic infection with sporadic occurrence globally and multiple outbreaks have been reported in African regions. The story of MPXV has been started since 1970 in Democratic republic of Cargo. The high cases of MPXV was majorly detected in Congo Rain Forest region in Africa. Animal-human (Zoonotic) transmission occurred, although the individual infected animal was not recognized. Human-human transmission occurs and is difficult until bodily fluids or respiratory droplets are exchanged. If a specific individual uses an infected person's towels or bed sheets, infection may occur.
The aim of this review is to document the methods of diagnosis, treatments (vaccines) and future role of MPXV in human population.
The diagnosis is confirmed mainly through clinical diagnosis and then laboratory diagnosis such as cell-culture, serological and Polymerase Chain Reaction tests. Presently, there is no vaccine for MPXV but the smallpox vaccine will protect. The old vaccine includes antivirals approved for use against Orthopoxvirus, such as tecovirimat, which can treat up to 85 % of MPXV in humans. MPXV is now considered as transmission virus which affects from human to humans. The fatality rate was documented to be 3–10 % in children and in adults it is very low.
This review concludes MPXV is not as contagious as COVID-19 but proper measures should be taken as mentioned in this review to avoid MPXV. Presently, controlling MPXV presents unique challenges, and future prospective global studies in antivirals for this disease, as well as an MPXV vaccines, are recommended to eliminate this virus.