Abstract
Wound healing is a complex physiological procedure that includes diverse stages, comprising hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling to reconstruct the skin and subcutaneous tissue's integrity. As reported, various coexisting diseases (diabetes, vascular diseases, etc.) substantially impact wound healing. Factors like recurring injury, age, or hypertrophic scarring also affect wound healing. The management of wound care depends primarily on the advancement of novel and efficient wound dressing substances, and it persists to be a vivid research area in chronic wound healing. Over the past years, the investigation and advancement of wound dressing biomaterials have registered a new standard level, and superior knowledge based on chronic wound pathogenesis has been achieved. Recently, nanotechnology has presented an excellent method to accelerate acute and chronic wound healing via stimulating appropriate movement through the diverse healing stages. Among various nanomaterials, nanoparticles (NPs) have been spotlighted as an efficient treatment strategy for wound healing due to their ability to act as both a therapeutic and carrier system. Their small size and high surface area to volume ratio enhance the probability of bio-interaction and penetration at the wound area aiding cell–cell interactions, the proliferation of cells, cell signaling, and vascularization. This review endeavored to throw light on different aspects of wounds and the latest advances in nanoparticle-based biomaterials for effective wound healing. Further, challenges and future potentialities have been addressed.
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•Various types of wounds, their physiology, and their signaling mechanism in the role of angiogenesis are discussed.•The development of functional nanoparticles for chronic wound healing is noted.•The effectiveness of the functional nanoparticles in various phases of wound healing has been discussed.•Possible mechanisms of NPs along with its toxicity studies has been summarized.•Gas and Photodynamic therapy for various chronic wound healing are reviewed.•Recent innovations in functional nanoparticles for wound treatment have been canvassed.