Abstract
The main objective of this work is to simulate the natural convection of a nanofluid from a heated complex shape in a cavity saturated with a partially layered non-Darcy porous medium using an improved incompressible smoothed particle hydrodynamics (ISPH) method. The governing equations, described in a Lagrangian form, were numerically solved using the improved ISPH method. In the ISPH method, the wall boundary treatment is improved using the renormalization kernel function. The square cavity is filled with a nanofluid, and the lower half of the square cavity is saturated with the non-Darcy porous medium. The bottom and the top walls of the cavity are adiabatic, and the complex shape is heated. The left and right side walls of the cavity are cold. Here, the effects of the petal numbers (two to eight), the Rayleigh numbers Ra (103–106), the porous heights Hp (0.1–0.6), and the Darcy parameters Da (10−5–10−2) on the heat transfer of a nanofluid with various solid volume fractions (ϕ=0–0.1) have been investigated. The obtained results showed that the fluid flows are penetrated highly through the nanofluid region at a high Darcy parameter of Da=10−2 and a low porous height of Hp≤0.2. The number of the heated complex-shaped petals affects the fluid flow and heat transfer inside a cavity. The effects of adding nanoparticles have low significance at the current circumstances of the presence of the inner complex shape inside a porous cavity.