Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients have depleted CD4 lymphocyte counts and are susceptible to a plethora of infections of bacterial, viral, and fungal etiology. In addition to a wide range of systemic manifestations, human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients also display several characteristic oral manifestations. Studies have shown a correlation between some of the oral manifestations and CD4 lymphocyte counts which in turn is an independent prognostic indicator. To tackle the human immunodeficiency virus numerous drugs have been discovered and implemented. To overcome any potential resistance, human immunodeficiency virus patients are prescribed highly active antiretroviral therapy, wherein a combination of antiretrovi-ral regimens are used. Studies have shown that in addition to controlling the viral activity, the treatment regimen, has a significant effect on the oral manifestations of the human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients. The present paper highlights the effects of highly active antiretroviral therapy on periodontal diseases in human immunodeficiency virus-infected individuals. (c) 2021 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.