Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the third‐leading cause of cancer death in the world, with outlook for most patients having a 5‐year survivability of less than 5%. In a previous study from our laboratory, novel estrone inspired analogs act as epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibitors in HepG2 cells. This study focuses on the effect of these analogs on an HCC cell line resistance to Erlotinib. Lead compounds MMA132 and MMA102 showed 13 and 20 µM IC50 values, respectively against HepG2‐R resistant to Erlotinib. These compounds showed cell cycle arrest of the G2 phase up to 54%, and inhibited cell migration of HepG2‐R cells up to 48 h. Western blot analysis revealed that MMA132 reduced total EGFR content after 48 h, while MMA102 inhibited MEK kinase by 84% after 48 h. Western blot analysis also revealed that multidrug resistance protein 2 (MRP2) is overexpressed in HepG2‐R, suggesting that ABC transporters play a likely cause in drug resistance. MMA102 showed significant inhibition of both P‐glycoprotein (83%) and ABCG2 (53%), two additional ABC transporters. Additionally, MMA102 and MMA132 were used in a combination therapy with MK571(MRP1/2 inhibitor) and produced IC50 values of 18 and 10 µM, respectively, better than either MMA102/132 or MK571 alone. To validate our findings, we conducted molecular dynamic simulations with MMA102 and MMA132 in MEK, P‐glycoprotein, MRP1, and MRP2. Results coincided with biological findings in which MMA102 orientation is favored in both MEK and P‐glycoprotein pockets, whereas MMA132 likely binds with MRP2, as likely suggested by the combinatorial study.