Abstract
This paper deals with erosion prediction in a pipe with sudden contraction for the special case of two-phase (liquid and solid) turbulent flow with low particle concentration. The pipe axis was considered vertical and the flow was either in direction of gravity (downflow) or against it (upflow). The mathematical models for the calculations of the fluid velocity field and the motion of the solid particles have been established and an erosion model was used to predict the erosion rate. The fluid velocity (continuous phase) model was based on the time-averaged governing equations of 3-D turbulent flow and the particle-tracking model (discrete phase) was based on the solution of the governing equation of each particle motion taking into consideration the effect of particle rebound behavior. The effects of flow velocity and particle size were investigated for one contraction geometry considering water flow in a steel pipe. The results showed the strong dependence of erosion on both particle size and flow velocity but with little dependence on the direction of flow. The effect of flow direction was found to be significant only for large particle size and moderate flow velocity. The erosion critical area was found to be the inner surface of the tube sheet (connecting the two pipes) in the region close to the small pipe. The results also indicated the presence of a threshold velocity below which erosion is insignificant for all particle sizes. (C) 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.